<p>The Cotton Theatre, also known as Regent Theatre and Oster Regent Theatre, is a theater located at the corner of 1st Street and Main Street in downtown Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It was named for local Cedar Falls resident Frank Cotton who built the theater in 1909 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>In its 1993 nomination to the National Register of Historic Places it was deemed "one of the best examples of commercial architecture on Cedar Falls&#39; main street" and was then the only existing theatre there. It is in Italian Renaissance style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The opening night of the Cotton Theatre was Thursday, June 23, 1910. On that night, The Rejuvenation of Aunt Mary, chosen from the May Robson Company, was shown. The original theater had seating for 1,000 patrons.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the name was changed to Regent Theatre. In 1991 the Blair family along with the Beck Trust gave the theater to the Cedar Falls Community Theatre. In 1994, it was restored at a price of $1.2 million and was given the new name Oster Regent Theatre. The theater is still widely used today and seats 500 people.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Shoe Shop–Doucette Ten Footer is a historic wooden building at 36 William Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts, in the United States. In April 1984, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The building sits at the back of the Stoneham Historical Society premises.</p><br>
<p>A ten footer was a small backyard shop structure built in the 18th and 19th centuries in New England to serve as a shoemaker&#39;s shop. The name came from the fact that it was usually 10 ft by 10 ft in area. The ten footers were forerunners of the large shoe factories that developed in New England later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is a church in the North Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Located at 957 West North Avenue at the corner of Allegheny Avenue, its 1886 building is known for its architectural features and was one of the last designs by Henry Hobson Richardson. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000. An active parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh, it is known for offering a Sunday evening service of Jazz Vespers.</p><br>
<p>Though brick was selected for reasons of economy, the brickwork is one of the churchs most striking features. Unlike most of Richardsons buildings, Emmanuel Episcopal&#39;s wall surfaces have fairly plain surfaces. They do not have a rough surface, moldings, belt courses or other projections to break up the planes or produce shadow lines, though the bricks do project from the main wall surface just below the eave line in two steps of different dimension to give a pleasing string course effect. Stone is used only as sills for the windows, and springing from the three entrance arches and where the foundation is exposed.</p><br>
<p>This simplicity is relieved, in part, by patterning the brickwork. Of particular note, the repetitive triangular pattern at the roofline is called “mousetooth.” The brick patterning gives the impression of finely woven fabric. The sharply incised windows and doors produce dramatic voids.</p><br>
<p>One of the best-known features of Emmanuel Episcopal Church is a mistake. The lower section of the western wall is intended to slope inward as it rises—an architectural feature called battering. Instead, the wall bows outward, a shape it began to take shortly after construction. Richardson having died a month after the buildings dedication, the church hired his former employees, Longfellow, Alden & Harlow, to fix the problem. They were unable to pinpoint the cause. However, when the firm added the parish house to the far side of the church, the walls slope stopped increasing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1867, Emmanuel Episcopal Church began as a mission fulfilling the need for a Sunday school for the children of English workmen.</p><br>
<p>At first it met in homes and then in rented rooms. Membership grew to 76 people in 1868 when they received a church charter. The next year they built a frame church.</p><br>
<p>By 1875, the area became fashionable and the frame church became too small. The building committee was formed in 1882 with Postmaster Malcolm Hay as chairman. The land for the new church was purchased for $750 in 1883. H. H. Richardson was selected as the architect at the same time he was designing Pittsburghs Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail in January 1884. Richardsons original plans were for a stone building of about the same size as the present church, but with central-tower theme, similar to the Trinity Church in Boston. The cost estimate of $25,000 was too high, and the congregation rejected the plans. The new budget was $12,000 and plans for the smaller brick church were approved.</p><br>
<p>The church was erected in 1884–1886 by Henry Shenk, and dedicated in March 1886.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 20 years, the neighborhood became much less fashionable, larger mansions were torn down, and new houses were built for the working class. Due to the financial straits of the congregation, the church was not renovated for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is one of the finest later works of H.H. Richardson. The simple design gives vitality via the delicate brick detailing and the laminated truss system. The building is a one-story, simple rectangle with semicircular apse at one end with overall dimensions of 49 4" x 100 0". The walls are of red brick with several subtle patterns, the richest being on the gable end. The semicircular apse continues around the exterior wall at the other end of the building. The battered bases continue the line of the roof slope. Bands of vertical brick, or soldier&#39;s course, run across at the top and bottom of the windows, and the brick at the edge of the gables are at right angles to the slope.</p><br>
<p>The roof has a steep gable covered by slate with a molded copper ridge plate. The steep roof descends to low sidewalls. The cornice has a three-course corbel at the eaves. Three low dormers protrude about one-third up the gable roof on the east and west elevations.</p><br>
<p>The entrance facade is on the north side with an unadorned high gable and subtly patterned brickwork. There are three low wide arches with the center being the largest. The front façade contains three arched windows made of Tiffany glass above the entrance doors, taller in proportion than the entrance arches. There is a slot window in the center of the third level with a flat brick arch. Stone steps lead to the large arched wood double doors painted red with large elaborate black iron hinges.</p><br>
<p>The interior is rectangular in plan with a center aisle. The semicircular apse at the south end of the building is partially cut off from the nave by banks of organ pipes at either side. A narrow rectangular open narthex at the north end with a small enclosed winder stair on the west wall leads to the balcony. The narthex is 10 x 448&quot the nave is 606" x 448&quot and the apse has a 22&#39;4" radius.</p><br>
<p>The walls have marble reredos, made by Leake and Greene of Pittsburgh, with bands of mosaic in the chancel. In the nave, the walls are random-width beaded-board wainscoting with chair rail. Above the chair rail, pink plaster rises up to the heavily molded wood cornice. The wood-truss system is exposed to the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The side windows contain Romanesque stained glass, and Tiffany glass is in the triple window in the entrance gable. The floors are modern vinyl tile in the nave and marble in the chancel. In the 1998 restoration, the oak and ash furniture was removed, cleaned, and returned. A 3 ft brass cross, given by Bishop Cortlandt Whitehead in August 1886 is still on the altar, and the brass eagle lectern made by Gorham in New York is still in place. The baptismal font and cover are original.</p><br>
<p>The Buckingham Friends Meeting House is a historic Quaker meeting house at 5684 Lower York Road  in Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1768 in a "doubled" style, it is nationally significant as a model for many subsequent Friends Meeting Houses. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first meeting house on the site was built from logs in 1705–1708 by English Quakers, some of the earliest settlers in the area. The second meetinghouse was a wooden frame building. The third was a stone building built sometime around 1731. Remnants of some of these buildings, especially stone mounting blocks used to help mount horses, are scattered around the property.</p><br>
<p>A stone schoolhouse was built to the east of the meetinghouse in 1798, and forms the nucleus of the current Buckingham Friends School. The current building was completed in 1768 and was the first of the doubled type meeting houses that became the standard form of Quaker meeting house for the next 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Earlier meeting houses were generally single-cell structures, that were often divided by a partition into two unequally sized for separate mens and womens business meetings. Men and women met together for worship and were separated for business meetings. Buckingham&#39;s design is a two-cell symmetrical form with roughly equal-sized sections.</p><br>
<p>After this change in design, men and women would sit on separate sides of the partition for both worship and business meetings, with the partition closed only during business meetings. Around this time, written Quaker discipline became more standardized, which may have encouraged the two-cell form as a uniform meeting house design. In particular, marrying a non-Quaker became grounds for disownment or being "read out of the meeting." Since marriage was in the purview of the women&#39;s business meeting, their business meeting acquired a higher status and needed increased space.</p><br>
<p>The use of the Buckingham Meeting House as a model began within a few years of its completion. In New Jersey at least five meeting houses were built in the doubled style by 1788, with several being designed by committees who travelled to see the Meeting House.</p><br>
<p>The Quaker ideal of simplicity was perhaps ignored by the Buckingham Meeting House&#39;s Georgian architectural design, which may reflect the affluence of the Buckingham Quakers.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Elementary School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Goffstown High School, is a historic school building located at 12 Reed Street in the center of Goffstown, New Hampshire. The building was constructed in 1925 and served as the towns first purpose-built high school until the opening of the present high school on Wallace Road in 1965. The building, renamed "Upper Elementary School", then served the towns intermediate-grade students until the opening of Mountain View Middle School. The building has since been converted into senior housing and is now known as The Meetinghouse at Goffstown. It was listed on the National Register in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Upper Elementary School is located in the central village of Goffstown, at the junction of School and Reed Streets. It is a three-story brick structure, laid out in a U shape with a relatively narrow opening to the north, with a flat roof. Stylistically it is a simplified version of the Collegiate Gothic, with windows set in openings that have stone sills and lintels, sometimes set in groups. The main entrance is in a south-facing projecting section, with a three-bay opening now housing only a single entrance in the center bay. The outside of the frame has stone quoining, and each bay is topped by a shouldered stone moulding. A stone cornice separates the entrance from the second floor, where a central window repeats the stone quoining, and is topped by a keystoned lintel.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1925 at a cost of $20,000, and was the town&#39;s first purpose-built high school, housing grades 5 through 12. It was enlarged significantly in 1949, adding a wing with additional classrooms, gymnasium, and auditorium. Grades 5 and 6 were moved to the adjacent White School in 1936, and the school was converted to an elementary school after the new high school opened in 1965. It was closed in 1991, and was subsequently converted into senior housing.</p><br>
<p>Wynnewood, also known as Castalian Springs, is a historic estate in Castalian Springs, Sumner County, Tennessee. The property is owned by the state of Tennessee and its official name is the Wynnewood State Historic Site, it includes an 1828 former inn that is the largest existing log structure in Tennessee. The property is operated by the Historic Castalian Springs under an agreement with the Tennessee Historical Commission. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wynnewood is located in southeastern Sumner County, and the west side of the hamlet of Castalian Springs, on the south side of Old Highway 25. Set on 8 acre overlooking Lick Creek to the north and west, its main feature is a group of six log buildings. The largest of these, the former inn, is two stories in height and measures 110 x. It is built in an oversized version of the traditional dogtrot house, with two separate white oak log structures joined via a central enclosed space under a common roof. Attached to this main building via a covered back porch are two kitchens. Other detached buildings, all built of cedar logs, include a smokehouse, office, and 20th-century garage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main building was built in 1828 by A. R. Wynne, William Cage, and Stephen Roberts, to serve as a stagecoach inn for travelers between Nashville and Knoxville, and for people taking the waters of the nearby sulphur springs. In 1834, Wynne purchased his partners&#39; shares in the property and moved into the inn with his family, where he resided until his death in 1893. The property was purchased from the Wynne family by the state in 1970 and developed as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>On February 5, 2008, during the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak, Wynnewood suffered major damage to much of the second story, roof, and trees on the property. It re-opened to the public on July 4, 2012 after a four-year, $4 million restoration project overseen by the Tennessee Historical Commission and funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), insurance proceeds, and the state government of Tennessee. More of the property is now open to the public than was the case before the tornado.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>Wynnewood was featured as a haunted location on the paranormal series, Haunted Live which aired in 2018 on the Travel Channel. The paranormal team, the Tennessee Wraith Chasers investigated the estate, which is said to be highly haunted.</p><br>
<p>Plum Grove is a historic house located in Iowa City, United States. Plum Grove was the retirement home of Gov. Robert Lucas and the childhood home of the author Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1844, Robert Lucas lived in the house with his wife, Friendly, and several children and grandchildren. Lucas died at Plum Grove in 1853, and his family moved out by 1866.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent owners include the Hoyt family, who were associated with the Eleutherian College, and Plum Grove was the birthplace of Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd in 1868. The house was subsequently occupied by the family of Jacob Carroll Switzer, a Civil War hero, and then by a number of immigrant and impoverished families. It was bought by the state of Iowa in 1943 and refurbished as a monument to Lucas.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently maintained by the Johnson County Historical Society, but owned by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The house is open for tours Memorial Day through Labor Day on Wednesdays through Sundays, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Between Labor Day and October 31 it is open Saturday and Sunday, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and by group appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The grounds have been the focus of archaeological research since 1974, documenting Iowa frontier history and changes in farming from 1844 until 1943. Most of this work was led by the late Dr. Thomas Charlton who was with the University of Iowa&#39;s Department of Anthropology. Previous excavations have uncovered house additions, outbuildings, and a large trench full of butchered animal bones.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern has a long and storied history that begins with its genesis as the home of George B. Gooding, who amassed a large amount of farmland and used his home as a stagecoach stop and tavern during the earliest years of Delaware Countys development. Also known as "Halfway House" and the "Gooding Tavern," this property was well situated on what is now USA Route 23 previously known as "Mud Pike", about halfway between the town of Worthington, Ohio on the south and the town of Delaware, Ohio on the north. Owned by the Gooding family for 175 years, this farmstead and tavern played an important role in the commercial development of Orange Township and Delaware County during the 19th century and early 20th century. The property demonstrates the broad pattern of Ohios transportation-related commerce in the early 19th century, when inns and taverns were built to accommodate and sustain the traveler.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House provides an example of the architectural evolution of a property from Ohio&#39;s settlement period, through the more prosperous years of the mid-19th century, to the changes brought by the early 20th century. The building exhibits significant architectural features from each of these three periods: 1820s Federal influences, 1850s early Italianate influences, and 1910s Colonial Revival and Craftsman influences. Each era was important to the architectural evolution of the property as it was occupied by succeeding generations of the Gooding family.</p><br>
<h2>The Gooding family and property history</h2><br>
<p>George B. Gooding, born in 1796 in Massachusetts, built the Gooding House and Tavern. In 1826, Gooding purchased 250 acre bounded on the east by the north–south road that was to become the Columbus-Sandusky Turnpike that same year. Anticipating increased traffic and a good business opportunity, George Gooding built a tavern facing the road in 1827.</p><br>
<p>In addition to running the tavern, George Gooding was expanding his farm, becoming well known as one of the most productive Delaware County farmers of the early 19th century. By 1850, Gooding amassed about 1,000 acre on both sides of USA 23, and his farm produced about 300 lb of wool, 900 lb of butter and 1,000 lb of cheese yearly.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding family held the property until 2001 when it was sold, ending 175 years of continuous family ownership.</p><br>
<p>The property was restored in 2007 and today houses a media buying company (Strategic Media Placement), a post-production company, and a media company,.</p><br>
<h2>Gooding Tavern history</h2><br>
<p>George B. Gooding&#39;s tavern was also known as "Halfway House," reflecting its strategic location halfway between Worthington and Delaware. Given the difficulties of stagecoach and wagon travel over the Columbus Pike, the Gooding Tavern was a principal and popular stop on the route between these two towns. Among the stories told about the house, it is said that Mrs. Gooding "made 40 pies at a time and would place them in the ice house, which still sits behind the house, to cool. In the winter, ice would be cut from the river and laid down in the sawdust in the ice house to keep the food through the hot summer." It is also reported that General William Henry Harrison stayed at the Gooding Tavern on his way to his inaugural in 1841.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural development and context</h2><br>
<p>The original Gooding Tavern building had a Flemish bond facade and was 5 bays wide. If it was a two-story building, the upper floor was removed and rebuilt c. 1854. It is also possible that it was only one story or 1½ story high, and was greatly expanded at mid-century. The tax records indicate a change in the value of the Gooding House in the mid-1850s. The tax assessment had remained constant during the 1840s, but dropped off in 1854 to $450, followed by a significant jump to $1800 in 1855. The huge jump between 1854 and 1855 indicates that significant improvements were made to the house in 1854.</p><br>
<p>At the age of 58, George Gooding appeared to be prospering as a farmer. The addition of railroad transportation to Orange Station in 1850, the construction of the east–west connecting Gooding Road, now Orange Road, in the 1840s and early 1850s, and the continuing use of the building as a tavern (a "license to keep tavern" was issued to George Gooding in 1853) all contributed to the ability of George Gooding to make improvements to his property. The change from Flemish bond pattern brick on the first story to common bond pattern brick on the second story provides evidence that the second floor was built after the Federal period. Early Italianate characteristics include the wide eaves with carved brackets, the segmental arch windows with six-over-six sash; and the front entry enframement. On the interior, the front stair handrail and newel post appear to date from the mid-19th century, as does the heavily molded woodwork on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern was under the ownership of Harry Gooding, George Gooding&#39;s grandson, when the significant 1917 alterations took place. At that time, Harry Gooding was continuing to farm the property. Ninety years had passed since his grandfather had first built a tavern here, and as many as 60 years had elapsed since the house had been expanded and perhaps updated. Much had changed in those years, including electrification and indoor plumbing, not to mention architectural tastes and styles. The Colonial Revival style was gaining popularity, along with the Arts and Crafts movement of the teens and twenties. Harry Gooding made a major investment in the home in 1916–1917, completely transforming the first floor with the addition of casement replacement windows, elaborate window and door trim, new exterior and interior doors, wall and ceiling paneling, new fireplace mantles, and built-in cupboards, casework and seating. A large double casement window with window seat was added to the dining room. Bathrooms on first and second floors were added then, and the kitchen was updated as well.</p><br>
<h2>Tavern context</h2><br>
<p>The Gooding House and Tavern is an example of a four-over-four building type that reflects its early origins as a tavern. Its massing and plan are common to early-19th-century taverns and inns that were found in rural areas along the National Road and other early roads in Ohio</p><br>
<p>Small-scale rural taverns often had common floor plan features. When George Gooding made his modifications to the house in 1854, it was still being used as a tavern. The 1917 modifications made by his grandson signal a different era in the history of the property, when the road in front was paved and the automobile was an increasingly common sight.</p><br>
<h2>Summary</h2><br>
<p>In summary, the Gooding House and Tavern has evolved from its beginnings as an early-19th-century tavern, incorporating architectural changes as it was passed to succeeding generations of the same family over 175 years. It remains a significant remnant of the early rural history of the Orange Township in Delaware County. The building served as a tavern for approximately 30 years in the early 19th century, contributing significantly to the patterns of transportation commerce that existed along the Columbus and Sandusky Pike during that period. The home continued in the ownership of the same family for the next 145 years, with modifications made that illustrate important architectural trends during different periods of history, most notably the mid-19th century and early 20th century. It retains its distinctive architectural character today.</p><br>
<p>Cedarcroft, also known as Bayard Taylor House, is a historic house on Gatehouse Drive in Chester County, Pennsylvania near Kennett Square. It was built in 1859 for writer Bayard Taylor , and is a good local example of Italianate architecture. It remained Taylors home until 1874, and is where he wrote some of his well-known works. It has been a private residence for most of its existence, spending a few years in the early 20th century as a private boys school. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with Taylor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Taylor built the mansion he named Cedarcroft near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania in 1859–1860. He personally supervised its construction, including its two-foot walls and tall tower, and later wrote a series of articles about it. He also owned the surrounding 200 acres of land which he had spent several years acquiring. He described the buildings design as "large and stately, simple in its forms, without much ornament... expressive of strength and ornament." Several of Taylors writings were either written at Cedarcroft or reference it, including his 1863 book The Poet&#39;s Journal, which he dedicated to his wife as "the Mistress of Cedarcroft".</p><br>
<p>Taylor pushed to complete the new home shortly after the birth of his daughter Lilian in 1858 and increased his writings for periodicals and offered several lectures to acquire the necessary revenue. Taylor laid the cornerstone for the house&#39;s tower on June 9, 1859, with a hidden time capsule. That zinc box, he wrote, contains coins, a newspaper, a copy of his book Views Afoot, as well as "an original poem by me, to be read five hundred years hence by somebody who has never heard of me."</p><br>
<p>Upon moving into the home in 1860, Taylors family performed a farcical play co-written with Richard Henry Stoddard. Outside the house, Taylor planted a number of fruits and vegetables, including Latakia tobacco and melons. Plants included a giant sequoia from California, ivy, Dutchmans pipe, Virginia creeper, wisteria, and trumpet flower. After visiting the house, Sidney Lanier wrote a poem called "Under the Cedarcroft Chestnut" about a tree there that was alleged to be 800 years old. The first work which Taylor himself wrote while living in Cedarcroft was his semi-autobiographical poetic series The Poet&#39;s Journal, written within a month after moving in, though not published until 1862.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the home cost $15,000 by February 1860, which was $5,000 more than anticipated and left Taylor in debt. Out of precaution, Taylor acquired weapons and buried his manuscripts before leaving the country and visiting Europe.</p><br>
<p>Because of financial and political issues, Taylor only spent four out of the first eight summers at Cedarcroft. Instead, he traveled, gave lectures, and continued his literary work in New York. In the spring of 1862, he was chief war correspondent for the New York Tribune and visited the army at the lines in Virginia and reported on Congress in Washington, D.C. Later that year, he took a diplomatic job as chargé d&#39;affaires at Saint Petersburg in Russia. The job was short-lived, however, and his financial problems continued. Further, Taylor had some difficulty with his neighbors, mostly conservative Quakers, who disapproved of his use of alcohol and cigars as well as his late-night gatherings.</p><br>
<p>By 1870, Taylor complained to his mother, "If I had known, in 1859, how prices were to change, and labor to be dear and unreliable, and the neighborhood to go backwards instead of forwards, I never should have built at all." Further, he admitted he wanted to live in New York and considered his experiment at a country life combined with literature was "a dead failure, and I have been carrying it on now for several years... out of stubborn unwillingness to admit that I was mistaken." By 1875, he left the home to the care of his parents, sister and brother-in-law.</p><br>
<h2>After Taylor</h2><br>
<p>Taylor died in Germany on December 19, 1878.</p><br>
<p>In September 1905, the home, along with a new 3-story building behind it, was opened as a private preparatory school for boys. The first class included seven boys under the leadership of Principal Jesse Evans Philips, though later years saw between 32 and 40 enrolled for each class. Among the school&#39;s students was future professional baseball player Herb Pennock. At 18 years old, Pennock was signed to the Philadelphia Athletics in 1912; he was later traded to the Boston Red Sox and then the New York Yankees. Pennock, nicknamed "The Squire of Kennett Square", was posthumously inducted into the baseball hall of fame in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The Cedarcroft School lasted until 1917 when it was absorbed by St. Lukes Academy on the Main Line outside of Philadelphia. In the same year, the house and estate was purchased by James Bachelor Dowsland Edge (1875-1939). Born in England, he came to America where he rose to become Vice-President of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. James Edge had the funds and vision necessary for him and his wife, Anna Baily (1877-1964), to restore the house, carriage house, barn, swimming pool and gardens to their former glory. Aside from their three children, James only brother, Francis Edge, also lived here, making his home in the fourth and fifth floors of the tower from which back then it was said the Delaware River could be seen.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the Bergo family purchased Cedarcroft and began a multi-year restoration of the house, inside and out, over a 15 year period, while living in and enjoying this unique house. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and placed on the National Register in 1972. Today, Cedarcroft stands surrounded by suburban subdivision neighborhood of mostly single-story tract housing built in the 1950s and 1960s, at the junction of Gatehouse Drive and Potter Drive.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsbridge Armory, also known as the Eighth Regiment Armory, is a decommissioned armory at Jerome Avenue and West Kingsbridge Road in the Kingsbridge Heights neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It was built in the 1910s, from a design by the firm of then-state architect Lewis Pilcher to house the New York National Guard&#39;s Eighth Coast Defense Command , a regiment-sized unit which relocated from Manhattan in 1917. It is possibly the largest armory in the world.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its military function, it has been used over the years for exhibitions, boxing matches, and a film set. After World War II the city offered it to the United Nations as a temporary meeting place. In 1974 it was designated a city landmark, and eight years later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its military use ended and it was turned over to city management in 1996. Since then it has remained vacant as various proposals to redevelop it have failed. One such proposal, by the administration of former Mayor Michael Bloomberg, turned into a dispute over living wage policies. In 2013, a new plan to redevelop it as the world&#39;s largest indoor ice center was announced, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center, but this plan failed in 2021. One National Guard unit has continued to use an annex in the rear until a new headquarters can be found.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The armory complex occupies almost the entire 5 acre block between West Kingsbridge Road on the south, Jerome Avenue on the east, West 195th Street on the north, and Reservoir Avenue on the west. Above Jerome Avenue is the Kingsbridge Road station on the New York City Subway&#39;s, from which the armory is visible.</p><br>
<p>An empty moat runs across the front entrance of the building. There are parking lots and sidewalks along the side. At the center of the northern side are two smaller buildings: a garage, as well as a locker room and classrooms. Both are considered non-contributing to the Register listing.</p><br>
<p>On the north are public schools 86 and 340, with Jerome Park Reservoir to the northwest and Lehman College of the City University of New York about a block north. On the other three sides is dense urban mixed-use development. St. James Park is a few blocks to the southeast, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, overlooking the Harlem River and Major Deegan Expressway (Interstate 87), two blocks to the east. The terrain slopes slightly toward the river.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building is a nine-story red brick edifice with a curved, sloping metal roof, with corrugated fiberglass panels in the field at either end. Its brickwork has been considered among the city&#39;s finest. Stone is used for trim, especially around the slit windows at regular intervals. A corbeled stone string course runs below the parapeted roof the length of the building. Above the corbels, and at the corners, are turrets.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the south elevation is the two-story office wing and main entrance, a section known as the headhouse. Two semi-engaged towers with conical roofs rise at its front above the roofline. The transition to the office wing from the main wall is marked by angled walls, two low round towers with conical roofs and cupolas and two square towers.</p><br>
<p>Between them is the main entrance, a round arch with heavy iron gates and paneled double doors with stone steps and walls. They are topped with a stone projection on corbels and a crenellated parapet. In the brick above the entrance is the regimental motif in terra cotta, a shield over an eagle with draped flags.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside is a 180,000 ft&sup2; drill hall and an 800-seat auditorium. A four-centered double truss 100 ft high spans the ceiling. Two cellar levels, which used to house military vehicles, also provide space for storage, lecture halls, and fitness rooms, that included a basketball court and a 400 ft shooting range.</p><br>
<p>In the office wing, the entry hall has square brick piers supporting the segmental arches that frame the groin vaults. Brick quoins decorate the piers and intrados. The commander&#39;s office, upstairs, is done in the Colonial Revival style, with engaged columns, fielded panel walls and an Adamesque fireplace mantel.</p><br>
<h3>Aesthetics</h3><br>
<p>Architect Lewis Pilcher&#39;s design was an engineering feat, probably inspired by the large trainsheds of contemporary railroad stations. Six years after its 1917 completion, the Architectural Record described it as epitomizing "simplicity, directness, convenience, and adaptation to special requirements". The Record quoted Pilcher himself as saying it was "perhaps the most interesting of all the armory designs in the country. The necessities of mobilization... were successfully met."</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, it has been described as "schizoid", appearing as "two distinct and incongruous buildings." The medieval architecture of the office wing echoed social concerns of the 1880s, when the National Guard was frequently called out to suppress civil unrest such as strikes. The towers and crenellation suggested the authority and power of the military of an earlier time.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1910s, the Guard was more integrated with the Army, and their units became more focused on national defense purposes, training and equipping for the battlefield instead of the streets. The design of the drill shed reflects this changing function, its steel and glass making the whole a stylistic hybrid similar to the Brooklyn Bridge and the 1901 Squadron C Armory in Brooklyn, also designed by Pilcher&#39;s firm, the first armory in which the steel drill hall is a prominent element when seen from the outside. "It points toward a moment when historical ornament will be stripped away," writes David Bady of Lehman College, "leaving engineering to be admired as architecture."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Eighth Regiment</h3><br>
<p>The Eighth Regiment, New York State Militia traces its lineage from units constituted in 1786. Since it was part of the honor guard at George Washington&#39;s inauguration, it later acquired the informal name of the Washington Greys. The Eighth Regiment now has descendants in the 258th Field Artillery. Since 1895, it had been based at the old Squadron A Armory on Park Avenue in Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the New York State Legislature authorized the construction of a new armory using what had already been excavated as the planned eastern basin for Jerome Park Reservoir. Some military artifacts were unearthed, probably from the nearby sites of Revolutionary War forts Independence and Number Five, but no formal archeological survey was done. The firm of Lewis Pilcher, who became state architect two years later, was commissioned.</p><br>
<h3>Use as armory</h3><br>
<p>During World War II the armory was active in the war effort. Herbert Lehman, a former governor and USA Senator, ceremonially reviewed 10,000 troops there at a 1942 event. It was one of the few registration sites in the city for immigrants from enemy nations. After the war the city offered it to the United Nations General Assembly as a temporary meeting place until the main UN building was finished.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 the two rear buildings were constructed. It was designated a city landmark in 1974. At that time the city&#39;s Landmarks Preservation Commission called it "an outstanding example of military architecture." Over the years following, the main armory building was neglected, and by the 1990s, the Guard units who called it home were running most of their operations from the annex buildings on West 195th.</p><br>
<p>For a period in the 1980s it was used as a homeless shelter. In 1994, one of the community school districts proposed that new schools be built on the site. The state Division of Military and Naval Affairs transferred title to the armory and its property to New York City two years later, whereupon the city began trying to find a new location for two of the three units that trained at the armory.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment proposals</h3><br>
<h4>Early proposals</h4><br>
<p>As early as 1994, community activists had advocated for all or some of the armory to be adapted for school use, due to overcrowding of other nearby schools. Local opposition in 2000 stopped a redevelopment plan that did not include schools. Afterwards, they persuaded the city to spend $31 million replacing the armory&#39;s roof and making other repairs.</p><br>
<p>After all Guard units save the 258th Field Artillery Regiment, the descendant of the original Eighth Regiment, left, the city gave a grant to a local nonprofit, the Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (BOEDC), to come up with a plan for reuse and redevelopment. It was estimated that structural repairs alone would cost as much as $40 million. Proposals ranged from the school plan to one from City Councilman G. Oliver Koppell to develop it into an amateur athletic center. A BOEDC official likened the process to "dealing with several buildings in one."</p><br>
<p>The armory had always been available for temporary uses. Over the years it had hosted dog and boat shows, as well as boxing matches. The music video for the song "Just Tonight" by rock band The Pretty Reckless was filmed at the armory in 2010.</p><br>
<h4>Controversies and changes</h4><br>
<p>In 2008, as the city prepared to announce the winning bidder, local activists, community groups and labor unions formed the Kingsbridge Armory Redevelopment Alliance (KARA) to pressure the city for a Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) as part of the project. A CBA would have required living wage provisions and union representation not only for any construction work but for jobs with any tenants. KARA also sought to have schools included in the plan, which city officials said was impossible.</p><br>
<p>The winning bidder, The Related Companies, pledged to invest $310 million in redeveloping the armory into a shopping mall complex. The company already had negotiated a CBA for its Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, but never reached any agreement with KARA for the armory, saying its wage demands would have made it impossible to attract tenants. Concerns were also raised about traffic issues a mall might create. In 2009, opposition was strong enough that when the citys Planning Commission approved the project, the vote by the usually unanimous body split 8-4 with one abstention, with representatives appointed by the Manhattan and Queens borough presidents joined their Bronx counterpart and the Public Advocates representative.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the full City Council rejected the plan by 45-1, with one abstention. Mayor Michael Bloomberg expressed disappointment that the proposal had failed, one of the rare redevelopment proposals from his administration to suffer that fate. The mayors veto was overridden 48-1, with an abstention, a week later. Related blamed its failure on KARAs wage demands.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to plan a redevelopment of the armory continue. In fall of 2010, Diazs office retained graduate students and faculty in the Capstone Program at New York Universitys Wagner School of Public Service to develop a plan. Diaz later skipped a meeting with Bloombergs deputies as a protest against the mayors plan to use the armory as one of several new homeless shelters.</p><br>
<h4>New proposals</h4><br>
<p>In 2012 a new redevelopment proposal was announced. A Deutsche Bank group proposed what it claimed would be the world&#39;s largest indoor ice rink complex, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center (KNIC), with nine ice rinks and 5,000 seat ice hockey arena in. Two New York skating stars, New York Rangers icon Mark Messier and Olympic gold medalist Sarah Hughes, served as spokespeople. Diaz has given it his endorsement as well, although residents of the area were less enthusiastic. After review by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), Bloomberg and Messier appeared at a press conference in April 2013 to announce the city and the developers had reached a deal, which still required the approval of council. The ice center was approved in 2013, but because KNIC did not have sufficient financing, the NYCEDC did not agree to transfer the lease until May 2017. By 2018, KNIC had raised $35 million of private funds and Citibank was planning to provide the rest of the $170 million needed for the project.</p><br>
<p>During the time that the armory has stood empty, it has been used as an emergency supply and food distribution center during disasters. The armory was used for such purposes after Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020. By March 2021, the ice center was still being planned, but the work had not yet begun. The plan to redevelop the Kingsbridge Heights site fell through at the end of 2021 when New York City finally terminated its contract with Kingsbridge National Ice Center. A New York Supreme Court ruling gave the NYCEDC full ownership of the armory after KNIC failed for eight years to secure proper funding for the space&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>By October 2022, the NYCEDC was again soliciting proposals for the redevelopment of the Kingsbridge Armory. Local community groups advocated for the NYCEDC to allow them to become more involved in the armorys redevelopment New York City Council speaker Adrienne Adams allocated $5 million for the sites development to Pierina Sanchez, the councilperson for the City Council&#39;s 14th District, which included the armory. Another plan for redevelopment was announced in August 2023, when governor Kathy Hochul and mayor Eric Adams announced that the city and state would give $200 million in grant funds for unspecified renovations of the armory. Amid concerns from local business owners who feared being evicted after the armory was redeveloped, the city began soliciting proposals from investors. The bids included a proposal by the Northwest Bronx Community and Clergy Coalition to construct spaces for manufacturing, food service, and live performances.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin West Birthplace, also known as Benjamin West House, is a historic home located on the campus of Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was the birthplace of artist Benjamin West , who was an influential mentor to a generation of American painters, including Gilbert Stuart and Charles Willson Peale. His birthplace was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It presently houses the dispatch and offices for the college&#39;s campus police, along with a visitor information center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin West Birthplace stands on the east side of the Swarthmore campus, just west of North Chester Road off Visitor Center Road. It is a -story stone structure, with a gabled roof pierced by two gabled dormers on each side. The main facade is five bays wide, with a centered entrance sheltered by a gabled portico. The interior does not have any original 18th-century features, the building having been gutted by fire in 1874. At that time its interior was rebuilt, and an ell added to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was reportedly built about 1724, when the area was still part of Springfield Township. Benjamin West was born in this house in 1738 into a Quaker family, but was himself an Anglican for most of his life. He was one of the first American-born artists to be trained in Italy, and settled in England in 1763, where he embarked on a successful career as a painter, working primarily on commission to King George III. He is important in the history of American art for his role in supporting the early careers of a number of Americans who achieved great success, including Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Sully, Rembrandt Peale, and Charles Willson Peale, all of whom he supported both financially and logistically in their development.</p><br>
<p>The Terence V. Powderly House is a historic house at 614 North Main Avenue in Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. It was the home of Terence V. Powderly  from his early life until 1921. During this time he led the Knights of Labor, an early but unsuccessful attempt to establish a broad-based labor union. He also served as mayor of Scranton for several terms. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It has remained a private residence and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Terence V. Powderly House stands on the east side of North Main Avenue. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, built as a single-family residence in a vernacular Victorian style, with a cross-gabled roof on a busy street in a residential neighborhood in an area slightly west of downtown Scranton, looking towards it over the Lackawanna River. The house has one architecturally noteworthy feature, a glass anteentrance to keep out cold weather, not common at that time. Since Powderly&#39;s death the house has gone through other owners but has not been substantially altered, other than the conversion of the second floor to an apartment and the addition of a picture window to that unit.</p><br>
<p>Terence Powderly was a union man from a young age, apprenticing as a machinist. He joined the Machinist and Blacksmiths Union in 1871, and rapidly rose to become its president. As such, he was among the first to lose is job during the economic downturn of the Panic of 1873. Powderly broadened his organizing base, and became a leading figure in the secretive Knights of Labor, which arose in the early 1880s to become one of the largest labor unions of the period. Powderly emphasized non-violent means to gain improvements in working conditions and pay, and the union was also socially progressive for the period, admitting both women and African Americans. In 1886 it effectively collapsed after Powderly refused to support an eight-hour workday, and opposed the more confrontational tactics of one of his ultimately more successful rivals, Samuel Gompers.</p><br>
<p>The Chester Harding House is an historic building located at 16 Beacon Street in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, across from the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with the noted portraitist Chester Harding, whose home it was from 1826 to 1830. The building has since 1963 been home to the Boston Bar Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The four-story town house was built in the Federal architectural style as a private home by real estate developer Thomas Fletcher in 1808, at a time when Park Street and Beacon Street were lined by run-down public buildings. State officials decided to build replacements in other parts of the city, financing the construction of the new public buildings from the sale of the Park Street lots.</p><br>
<p>In 1826, the famous American portrait painter Chester Harding bought the house, which he occupied until 1830.</p><br>
<p>According to the Lawyers Pictorial Register, published by the Boston Bar Association in 1981, in the middle of the 19th century, the building was bought by Dr. Henry C. Angell, an art collector. As the neighborhood began to change from residential to commercial, many old houses were torn down and replaced by larger buildings which dwarfed the Chester Harding House. One such building is the 1884 six-floor Claflin Building. In 1919, the house was given by Martha B. Angell to the American Unitarian Association, which housed offices there until 1933. The American Unitarian Association loaned the house to Universalist Church of America until 1961, when the two merged. In January, 1962, the Boston Bar Association bought the house and moved its headquarters there from 35 Court Street. The Chester Harding House remains home to the Boston Bar Association.</p><br>
<p>As commemorated on a plaque hanging on the left-hand side of the building, the Chester Harding House was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Fulton Birthplace is a historic house museum at 1932 Robert Fulton Highway  south of Quarryville, Pennsylvania. Built in the mid-18th century and reconstructed after a fire demolished it in 1822, it was the birthplace of inventor Robert Fulton . Fulton is best known for the development of commercially viable steamboats as a means of transportation. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The property is owned by the Southern Lancaster Historical Society which gives weekend tours of the house from Memorial Day through Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Fulton Birthplace is located about 7 mi south of Quarryville in rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, on the west side of US 222 near its junction with Swift Road. The house is a -story stone structure, built out of mortared rubblestone that was once covered in stucco. Its front facade is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the right bay, in a recess with a four-light transom window. There are two windows to its left, and two windows on the second floor above. The interior has a parlor, kitchen, and bedroom on the ground floor, with three more bedrooms in the second floor and attic.</p><br>
<p>The house in which Robert Fulton was born was probably built in the mid-18th century. He was born here in 1765, but the family moved soon thereafter to Lancaster. The house was reduced to rubble by a fire in 1822, and was completely rebuilt. It remained a private residence until it was acquired by the state in 1969. It was then given a complete restoration to return it to its original appearance at the time of Fulton&#39;s birth, and has been open as a museum property since.</p><br>
<p>Fultons development of a viable steamship, the North River Steamboat or "Clermont", in 1807, is widely regarded as introducing a transportation revolution into early 19th-century America. It was not the only invention of Fultons that was significant: he also developed dredging equipment for use in rivers and canals, invented a system of inclined planes for transporting canal barges over hills, and developed early versions of torpedoes and diving boats.</p><br>
<p>The Finch Building is located on Wyoming Avenue, just north of US 11 and PA 307, in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a stone building designed by William Scott-Collins in the Renaissance revival style and completed in 1899.</p><br>
<p>It takes its name from the Finch Manufacturing Company, a maker of finished steel products such as manhole covers that had been based in the city for much of the later 19th century. Its first occupant was the International Correspondence School, a business that offered study-by-mail classes to the many coal miners in the Northeastern Pennsylvania region. The school, founded in 1894, had quickly outgrown its offices at the nearby Coal Exchange Building and needed the space.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Today it has been remodeled into an apartment building called Finch Towers.</p><br>
<p>The Wharton Esherick Studio was the studio and home of Wharton Esherick , an artistic polymath who is best known for his modernist sculpture and sculptural wood furniture. Built into the south slope of Valley Forge Mountain in Malvern, Pennsylvania, the Studio was a forty year project for Esherick, who constructed, expanded, and altered the building on an ongoing basis between 1926 and 1966. The Studio reflects Esherick&#39;s wide interest in twentieth-century art and design movements, from Arts and Crafts to German Expressionism to Modernist sculpture. The Studio is now preserved as part of the Wharton Esherick Museum.</p><br>
<p>There are four historic structures on the Wharton Esherick Museum site: the Wharton Esherick Studio, where Esherick lived and worked; the 1956 workshop designed with Louis Kahn and Anne Tyng; the 1928 German Expressionist log garage which now serves as the museum visitor center; and Eshericks woodshed. There is also a recent reconstruction of Eshericks 1920s German Expressionist outhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Studio, from its structural forms down to the door handles and light pulls, was designed and built by Wharton Esherick to create a total work of art, or Gesamtkunstwerk. The building is filled with more than 300 of Wharton Esherick&#39;s artworks and personal belongings, including sculpture, furniture, paintings and prints.</p><br>
<p>The Wharton Esherick Museum was incorporated as a non-profit corporation in 1971, it opened for visitors in 1972, and in 1973 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Diamond Rock Schoolhouse, which served as Esherick&#39;s painting studio during the 1920s, was acquired by the Wharton Esherick Museum in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Mill at Anselma  is an archetypal small, 18th-century custom grain mill in Anselma, outside Chester Springs, Pennsylvania. It is probably the only surviving one in the United States with an intact colonial-era power transmission system. A custom grain mill typically ground cornmeal and flour only for local farmers, not for commercial distribution. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Mill at Anselma</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Lightfoot built this custom grist mill in c. 1747 to mill flour for Chester Springs early residents. During three centuries of operation, the Mill evolved to meet changing needs and became the center of the community of Anselma. The first of eight grist mills established in the Township of Pikeland, the Mill at Anselma was never the largest nor the most valuable. However, it provided a vital local flour milling service for early settlers living in Philadelphias backcountry against the backdrop of a flourishing American grain economy in the late 18th century.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-19th century, Lightfoots Mill supported Chester Countys growing livestock and dairy economy by milling animal feed as well as flour under the ownership of John Oberholtzer. In 1872, the Pickering Valley Railroad connected Anselma&#39;s vibrant farming community with the markets of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The Mill at Anselma was also home to the respected poet and social activist Sara Louisa Oberholtzer, who used her surroundings as a backdrop for her poems "At the Old Mill" and "Lost Music."</p><br>
<p>The Mill&#39;s final miller, Oliver E. Collins, and his family came to Anselma in 1919. During the Great Depression, the Collins family relied on their colonial-era grist mill to make a living. The family ran a saw mill and cider press, milled animal feed, and operated the Anselma Post Office from their home. Mr. Collins assembled a machine shop to create a repair service and sharpen lawn mower blades, and even cut hair for local residents. The mill remained active until 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Anselma&#39;s millers</h2><br>
<p>1747–1812 Samuel Lightfoot, William Lightfoot, Thomas Lightfoot</p><br>
<p>1812–1820 Lewis Rees, James Benson</p><br>
<p>1820–1859 Rees Sheneman</p><br>
<p>1859–1886 John Oberholtzer</p><br>
<p>1886–1919 Allen H. Simmers</p><br>
<p>1919–1982 Oliver E. Collins</p><br>
<h2>Preserving Anselma for the future</h2><br>
<p>Under the leadership of Samuel and Eleanor Morris, the French & Pickering Creeks Conservation Trust purchased the mill property from the estate of Oliver E. Collins in 1983. In 1999, the Mill at Anselma Preservation and Educational Trust was formed to complete the mill&#39;s restoration and create a historical attraction for the enjoyment and edification of schoolchildren, scholars, visitors, and the community.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Mill at Anselma connects visitors with Americas rich industrial and agricultural past through tours and milling demonstrations. The Mill sells its own stoneground flour and cornmeal, and hosts a weekly farmers market on its historic grounds. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<p>A Pennsylvania state historical marker was placed outside the mill building in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Asa Packer Mansion is a historic house museum on Packer Road in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, United States. Completed in 1861, it was the home of Asa Packer , a coal and railroad magnate, philanthropist, and founder of Lehigh University. Asa Packer was also a major contributor in the Lehigh Valley Railroad system. The mansion is one of the best preserved Italianate Villa homes in the United States, with original Victorian furnishings and finishes. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Asa Packer Mansion is located near Jim Thorpes historic downtown Broadway area, on a terrace overlooking the Lehigh River on the west side of Packer Hill Avenue. The home of Packers son, the Harry Packer Mansion, designed by Sloan&#39;s protegee Addison Hutton, is next door on the same road. The Asa Packer Mansion was built over a cast iron frame and cost $14,000. It contains a total of three stories, 18 rooms, a red-ribbed tin roof, and a two-story covered porch. Both the main roof and porch roof have extended eaves with brackets, and the main roof is capped by a cupola. The main three-story block is extended to either side by smaller blocks ending in bowed segments. The porch has elaborate Italianate details, including arched valances with lacework in the spandrels, and lacework balustrades on the second floor. The interior is also lavishly appointed, retaining original woodwork, features and period furnishings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Packer commissioned it to be built in what was then the Borough of Mauch Chunk. It was completed in 1861. The mansion is also filled with many distinct details including Gothic gingerbread trefoil motifs and window arches, and exquisitely carved panelling. The original furnishings are reflective of the Packer&#39;s wealth and remains as part of the preservation of the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Upon the death of Mary Packer Cummings, Mr. Packer&#39;s daughter (who could not inherit his estate unless she entered into an arranged marriage) in 1912, the home was willed to the Borough of Mauch Chunk to remain as a memorial to her father and his many accomplishments. The borough, not certain what to do with the home, closed it, and for 44 years the home sat idle. The Jim Thorpe Lions Club, looking to sponsor a new community project, approached the borough about opening the home. It was opened for tours on Memorial Day of 1956.</p><br>
<p>The home is owned by the town of Jim Thorpe and financially controlled by the Jim Thorpe Lions Club. Ronald J Sheehan serves as executive director of the Mansion Museum as is in charge of overall administration of the National Historic Landmark property.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, It is located in the Old Mauch Chunk Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Museum is open seven days a week from Memorial Day to October 31. It is also open on weekends in April, May, November, and the first three weekends in December.</p><br>
<p>Packer Mansion002.jpgRear View</p><br>
<p>Packer Mansion003.jpgSide View</p><br>
<p>The Poppleton Block is located at 1001 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. The building was built in 1880 for Omaha lawyer and politician A.J. Poppleton, and was designated an Omaha Landmark on July 13, 1982, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places later that year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architect Henry Voss in the High Victorian Italianate style, the City of Omaha Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission says it, "exemplifies the type of commercial building constructed in Omaha before the turn-of-the-century."</p><br>
<p>Poppleton used part of the three-story building to house his law firm but never actually worked there himself. The rest was leased out as office and commercial space. Over the years it continued to be used primarily for commercial purposes, and today it is still utilized as office space. The building includes heavily bracketed cornices and window openings that featuring a combination of round, segmental and stilted segmental arches. There are cast iron storefronts on the building, as well.</p><br>
<p>Scranton City Hall is located at Washington and Mulberry  streets in the downtown section of that city in the USA state of Pennsylvania. It is a three-story limestone ashlar Victorian Gothic Revival building with sandstone trim, designed by architects Edwin L. Walter and Frederick Lord Brown and built in 1888.</p><br>
<p>The main building, on Washington Street, houses the offices of city&#39;s mayor and other executive officers — city clerk, comptroller and police chief - and those who work under their immediate supervision. A bridge from the second story connects it to the fire department headquarters, facing Mulberry Street, built at the same time by the same architects in the same style. Since the two form a larger complex, they were listed together when the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as Municipal Building and Central Fire Station, 340.</p><br>
<p>Accokeek Creek Site, also known as Moyaone, is an archaeological site in Prince Georges County, Maryland, located along the Potomac River across from Mount Vernon in todays Piscataway Park, which was inhabited intermittently since 2000 BC. Accokeek Creek Site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service describes the site as "remarkable for its variety and concentration of human occupation sites. Accokeek included a palisaded village that was occupied from ca. A.D. 1300 to ca. 1630. The site has been used by archeologists to define a culture-history sequence in prehistoric archaeology for the Mid-Atlantic region." The site dates from the Late Archaic Period, ca. 3,000 BC, to the historic period. During the Middle Woodland Period, ca. AD 800, small horticultural villages were established.</p><br>
<p>The village called Moyaone appeared during the late-16th and early-17th centuries. Moyaone, also named the Accokeek Creek site, is the sister site of Potomac Creek, 44ST2 and it is thought that they were settled around the same time. This village had many palisade lines and faced the Potomac. The formations of this site and Potomac Creek are similar in that the outermost system of the village is the only one to include an interior ditch or borrow pits. There are no bastions found at the Moyaone village. Its maximum population has been estimated to be between 300 and 320, while its size having been 6,100 m. Archaeology has indicated numerous building periods which leads to believing these people had a long occupation at the site. Four ossuaries were found near the village and hold the remains of over 1,000 people. The village was abandoned before Contact (clarification needed). At the north end of the area near the Piscataway Creek there was a rectangular fort that was occupied by the Susquehannocks in 1674-75.</p><br>
<h2>Ceramics</h2><br>
<p>Moyaone ceramics are a Late Woodland ware and date from ca. 1300 to 1650 AD. They are found throughout the Western Shore Coastal Plain of Maryland. The ceramics are characterized by fine grained sand and mica temper, soft texture, compact paste, and smoothed interior and exterior surfaces. The paste is made of a fine-grained clay and has a texture that is soft, smooth, and compact. The temper is made from a fine-grained sand that has mica in it, which gives off a slight glitter appearance.</p><br>
<p>There are three defined types named Moyaone Plain, Moyaone Cord-Impressed, and Moyaone Incised. Moyaone Plain is undecorated. The Cord-Impressed is a simple ceramic and decoration is limited to the rim and lip. Decorations include stamped, rolled onto the vessel, or a cord that is horizontal, vertical, or diagonal to the rim. The Incised decoration is limited to the lip, rim, and upper body area. The decoration used on this type of ceramic consists of incised lines that are made with a sharp tool or a wide, dull tool.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated by Alice L.L. Ferguson in the 1930s and 40s, with the obtained material subsequently analyzed by Robert L. Stephenson in the 1950s. The site served as a basis for understanding the ceramic chronology that appears in the Middle Atlantic region. The chronology that was made was the Early Woodland Marcey Creek/Accokeek/Popes Creek, Middle Woodland Mockley, Late Woodland Potomac Creek continuum. The Moyaone village represents the largest and last-occupied Piscataway village before the arrival of Europeans.</p><br>
<p>Piscataway leader Turkey Tayac "supported the creation of Piscataway Park, on one condition: that he could be buried there, and that his people could always visit freely, for cultural and spiritual purposes." Because there was no record of this verbal agreement and handshake, he was not buried at Moyaone until 1979, a year after his death, when Congress passed legislation"Chief Turkey Tayac, burial in</p><br>
<p>Oxon Hill, Md." Title III; October 12, 1979 permitting his burial in a national park area.</p><br>
<p>Other usesPhoenix Building </p><br>
<p>The Manhattan Building, also known as the Phoenix Building or the Phoenix-Manhattan Building, is a historic skyscraper in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The eight-story structure is 107 feet tall, containing 50,957 ft&sup2; of floor space, and was initially intended as the home of the Manhattan Construction Company, reportedly Oklahoma&#39;s first incorporated business. It was built in 1911 with a reinforced concrete frame and gray brick cladding. These walls were lined with windows to provide light and ventilation, the latter were essential to cope with torrid Oklahoma summers in an era when hardly any large buildings had air conditioning. It was built in Sullivanesque architectural style, with two-story columns flanking the entrance and a second floor cornice with dentils. The entry opened into a two-story lobby whose walls were covered with tile. A rooftop penthouse was added in 1957. The Manhattan Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for architectural significance in 1983.</p><br>
<p>By 1911, Manhattan Construction was already 15 years old, and had completed several notable buildings in Oklahoma, including:</p><br>
<p>Guthrie Convention Hall</p><br>
<p>Oklahoma City&#39;s First National Bank Tower</p><br>
<p>Oral Roberts University (Tulsa) Prayer Tower.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910–1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:</p><br>
<p>Railroad Exchange Building</p><br>
<p>Severs Hotel</p><br>
<p>Surety Building</p><br>
<p>Baltimore Hotel</p><br>
<h2>Design features</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Charles H. Sudhaelter and Co. whose work echoed the style of famous architect, Louis Henri Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>Manhattan Construction Company founder, Laurence H. Rooney, instead of making the building his own company&#39;s headquarters, decided to sell it to a popular retailer, Phoenix Clothing Company. He not only enlarged the first floor, but also topped the structure with a rotating electric sign that reached three stories above the roof.</p><br>
<p>Anchuca, also known as the Victor Wilson House, is a historic Greek Revival house located in Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States. The name is purported to mean "happy home" in the Choctaw language.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1830 in the Federal style by J. W. Mauldin, a local politician. In 1840 a local merchant, Victor Wilson, bought the house. He and his wife, Jane, had a two-story portico added to the front of the house in 1847 to reflect the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Despite its proximity to the Confederate lines and to the Yazoo and Mississippi Rivers, the house survived the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863. The house was used as a hospital after the battle.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Emory Davis, Jefferson Davis&#39; older brother and mentor, and a granddaughter lived in the house from 1868 until his death on 18 September 1870. He had regained possession of his plantations at Davis Bend after the war, but the peninsula was cut off from the mainland in 1867 when the Mississippi changed its course, and agriculture became unprofitable because of transportation costs. Jefferson Davis made one of his last public addresses to the people of Vicksburg in 1869 from the front balcony of the house.</p><br>
<p>When the house was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936, it was owned by Mrs. William Joseph Vollor. As of 2008 it serves as a bed and breakfast inn, with suites in the main house, servant&#39;s quarters, and carriage house.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Aspinwall Davis House is a historic house at 29 Linden Place in Brookline, Massachusetts. The house was built in 1844, by Thomas Aspinwall Davis, later a mayor of Boston, and is one of the earliest buildings to survive from his Linden Park project, the first residential subdivision in Brookline. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Aspinwall Davis House stands in Brookline&#39;s Linden Park residential neighborhood, east of Brookline Village, on the south side of Linden Place nearly opposite Linden Square. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The house is predominantly Italianate in style, with three bays across, hooded front windows, and a cupola. The central front gable is decorated with Gothic bargeboard, and the building supposedly had a more ornately decorated porch before its move in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Davis family had for a long time been landowners in this area of Brookline. In 1843, Thomas Aspinwall Davis took the area surrounding what is now Linden Park and Linden Square, and worked with landscape designer Alexander Wadsworth to lay out the two small parks and house lots. The house lots, auctioned in 1843 and 1844, became Brookline&#39;s first residential subdivision. Davis built this house in 1843, originally facing Linden Park. It was moved in 1903 to its present orientation facing Linden Place.</p><br>
<p>Grey Towers National Historic Site, also known as Gifford Pinchot House or The Pinchot Institute, is located just off US 6 west of Milford, Pennsylvania, in Milford Township. It is the ancestral summer home of Gifford Pinchot, first chief of the newly developed United States Forest Service  and twice elected governor of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The house, built in the style of a French château to reflect the Pinchot family&#39;s French origins, was designed by Richard Morris Hunt with some later work by H. Edwards Ficken. Situated on the hills above Milford, it overlooks the Delaware River. Gifford Pinchot grew up there and returned during the summers when his later life took him to Washington, D.C. and Harrisburg. His wife, Cornelia Bryce Pinchot, made substantial changes to the interior of the home and gardens, in collaboration with several different architects, during that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, his family donated it and the surrounding 102 acres (41 ha) to the Forest Service; it is the only USA National Historic Site managed by that agency. Three years later, the Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark. Today it is open to the public for tours and hiking on its trails. It is also home to the Pinchot Institute, which carries on his work in conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The mansion itself is a three-story L-shaped fieldstone chateau. Conical roofed towers at three of the corners give the property its name. A service wing juts out from the fourth corner. As originally built it contained 43 rooms, with the first floor featuring a large entrance hall, billiard room, dining room, library and sitting room. Bedrooms were located on the second floor, with more on the third floor plus storage spaces and children&#39;s playrooms.</p><br>
<p>The house boasts a number of outbuildings. On the 303 acre of the combined parcels that made up the original estate, there are 48 total buildings, structures and sites, all but eight of which are considered contributing to its historic value. These include nearby cottages known as the Letter and Bait Boxes, a unique outdoor dining facility called the Finger Bowl, a Foresters Cottage used as a residence by the Pinchot descendants, an open-air theatre, the former Yale School of Forestrys summer school, and a white pine plantation established by Gifford Pinchot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are four distinct periods in the history of Grey Towers: its initial construction under James Pinchot and his ownership, Gifford and Cornelia Pinchot&#39;s years, the early years with the Forest Service, and a more recent period of historic preservation efforts.</p><br>
<h3>James Pinchot</h3><br>
<p>In 1875, Gifford&#39;s father, James Wallace Pinchot (1831–1908), retired after a successful career in the wallpaper and window shade business. He bought 3,000 acre overlooking the Delaware in Dingman Township, just outside the borough.</p><br>
<p>There, James Pinchots primary endeavor was planning and designing Grey Towers and the land around it. At first, he developed the land along lines of the ornamental farm advocated by Andrew Jackson Downing. The original winding drive up the hill was meant to show off his orchards. In 1884, he retained Hunt, a family friend, to put on paper these ideas for a French-style chateau, modeled after the Marquis de Lafayettes LaGrange and reflecting the Pinchot familys origin in France. Two years later construction was complete, but not before Pinchot altered the plans slightly to save money. While Hunt was away in Europe, he also had Ficken alter Hunts design slightly when bedrock on the site made it difficult to build the raised foundation Hunt had originally planned. Ficken added some of his own decorative touches to the house, such as the front door, interior paneling and wrought iron porches on the south and east facades.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the materials came from local sources. Hemlock timbers were floated down the Delaware on rafts from Lackawaxen, and another river town, Shohola, provided the bluestone and windows. Roofing slate came from across the river, in Lafayette, New Jersey. All the workers and contractors hired were Milford residents. The total cost was $19,000 for the house itself and $24,000 for furnishings.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, a design by Frederick Law Olmsted (who had died three years earlier) was implemented for an old cemetery on the property. (Olmsteds contribution is unclear, as all had existed from the early 19th century, before the Pinchot familys ownership of the land.) Today it is in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>James Pinchot had come to regret the environmental damage forest-product industries such as his had done, and he endowed the Yale School of Forestry, the first graduate forestry program in the country. From 1901 to 1926, the Grey Towers estate grounds served as the school&#39;s primary summer preparatory fieldwork location. Only ruins of the educational buildings exist today.</p><br>
<h3>Gifford and Cornelia</h3><br>
<p>James Pinchot died in 1908, and his wife, Mary, died 10 days after Gifford married Cornelia Bryce in August, 1914. He and his brother Amos split the estate, with Amos taking the half on which a small foresters cabin was the main dwelling and Gifford taking the house. The couple began spending their summers at Grey Towers. Cornelia realized that Giffords developing political career, and hers (she ran for Congress three times), required a residence more suited to entertaining guests than it had originally been intended to be, and set about modernizing the house. At her behest, many alterations were made to the original first-floor plan. The most significant involved merging the dining and breakfast rooms to create a large sitting room, and similarly enlarging the library by adding the living room to it. "The first thing my wife did", Pinchot told the Saturday Evening Post in 1922, "was to break down the partition walls and let in light and air... f course, it&#39;s a vast improvement."</p><br>
<p>An avid gardener, she turned her attention to the grounds. Chester Holmes Aldrich first designed a swimming pool for the property, a raised structure enclosed on three sides by a pergola of stone piers and wooden trellises. After that came the Bait Box, a playhouse for the couple&#39;s son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. Elliptical openings in the stone walls around the courtyard provide views over the surrounding landscape. Next, in the late 1920s, when her husband was serving his first term as governor, came the Letter Box, a small cottage intended both as an archive for his papers and an office for his political staff when he was in residence. In their last collaboration, Aldrich and Cornelia Pinchot added a moat, which finally gave the house the raised effect Hunt had originally intended. In building it became necessary to lengthen the east lawn and build a new stone wall to support the moat.</p><br>
<h3>Forest Service</h3><br>
<p>After his mother died in 1960, Gifford Bryce Pinchot donated the building to the Forest Service, as the family had planned. The agency intended to use the house as a conference center, and had to replace some interior walls that had suffered insect and water damage. Various other rooms in the wing and second floor were converted to storage or office use, and the swimming pool was filled in, in 1979, when it became a safety and maintenance problem. A parking lot was built to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The Pinchot Institute, which also has a role in administering the site, was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on September 24, 1963. That same year Grey Towers was one of the first sites declared a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the USFS realized how much its renovations had damaged an architecturally significant structure and began trying to undo some of the changes it had made. It developed a plan to restore the house and estate to a condition similar to the way it had been in Pinchots era, in consultation with the Park Services Harpers Ferry Center, and hired staff with expertise in landscape and architecture. The state of Pennsylvanias Department of Natural Resources also made a $2 million grant available for renovations to the entrance, entry road and parking facilities. In 2007 the USFS restored the swimming pool.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The grounds are open daily from 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m. from Memorial Day weekend through October. Guided tours home and gardens start every hour on the hour from 11 a.m.-3 p.m. there is a fee except when stated on their calendar of events. Self-guided interpretive trails devoted to the history of the Pinchot family, forestry and the bluebirds nesting in the woods are available on the grounds. There is also a gift shop.</p><br>
<p>The Pinchot Institute also hosts conferences related to conservation matters. They are held either in the upper floors of the mansion or in the Letter Box.</p><br>
<p>The David Espy House is a historic house at 123 East Pitt Street in Bedford, Pennsylvania. Built in 1770, it is significant as the residence used by President George Washington when he was leading the troops that put down the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983. The house is now used for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The David Espy House is located in downtown Bedford, on the north side of East Pitt Street between North Juliana and North Richard Streets. It is a masonry structure stories in height, with a gabled roof. The front facade is finished in roughly finished rectangular blocks laid in courses, while the sides have a mortared rubble finish. The front facade is three bays in width, with the traditional entrance (now serving the upstairs) in the leftmost bay. The right two bays on the ground floor have been united into a commercial picture window and recessed entry. A wood-frame ell extends to the rear of the stone front section. The ground floor has been adapted for commercial use; the upstairs is residential.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1770–71 for David Espy, a local militia officer and prothonotary (court clerk). He was also a Freemason and served as Junior Warden when Bedford Lodge No. 48 A.Y.M. was warranted in 1790. In 1794, his stone house was probably the finest in the town, and was where President George Washington stayed while leading troops in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. Bedford was as far as Washington traveled with the troops; he turned their command over to Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee and returned to Washington, DC.</p><br>
<p>Athenwood and the Thomas W. Wood Studio are a pair of distinctive historic buildings at 39 and 41 Northfield Street in Montpelier, Vermont, United States. The two Carpenter Gothic buildings were the home and studio of Thomas Waterman Wood , an American painter and native of Montpelier. The buildings, now private residences, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wood built the house in 1850–1851 when the area across the Winooski River from downtown Montpelier was part of the town of Berlin. He named the house Athenwood for his wife, Minerva Robinson Wood. (Minerva was the Roman goddess of wisdom, and Athena was her Greek counterpart.) Located at 39 and 41 Northfield Street, the house and studio are now private residences.</p><br>
<p>The wooden house is built in the Carpenter Gothic style, a part of the Gothic Revival architectural movement of the 19th century. Wood designed the house, and was likely influenced by popular pattern books circulated by Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson Downing. Living for a part of the year in Boston, Massachusetts, Wood built Athenwood as a summer home and workplace. The house was faced in shiplap siding, and the windows, eaves, and porches trimmed in cut wooden patterns like upended petals, running grape leaves, and ivy. Trained as a cabinetmaker, Wood may have carved the wood trim himself. A small balcony on the east side of the house, entered from the second floor, has elaborate Gothic balusters. In the current use as a private home, some of the original furnishings, including two small marble busts of Athena, remain in the parlor.</p><br>
<p>Later, about 1880, Wood built a separate studio building just northwest of the house. It too is built in the Carpenter Gothic style but includes influences of Italianate architecture. In February 1898 this part of Berlin was annexed becoming Montpelier&#39;s Ward Six.</p><br>
<p>Horace Howard Furness High School is a secondary  school in South Philadelphia. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Portions of South Philadelphia (including Bella Vista, Passyunk Square, Pennsport, Queen Village, and Whitman) are zoned to Furness. A section of Center City, including Society Hill and Old City, was formerly zoned to Furness for high school.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was originally built as an elementary school, with construction starting in 1913 and ending in 1914; it later became Horace Furness Junior High School. It was named for Shakespearean scholar Horace Howard Furness (1833–1912).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Horace Furness Junior High School in 1986. It was later converted into a senior high school, and its first high school graduation was held in 1991.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 Daniel Peou, a Cambodian American man who was once a refugee and had lived in Philadelphia, became the principal of Furness.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The school building was designed by Henry deCourcy Richards and built by Cramp & Co. It is a four-story, rectangular, reinforced concrete building clad in brick and terra cotta in the Late Gothic Revival-style. It features an oversized arched entryway, blind panels, terra cotta quoining, and a brick parapet.</p><br>
<h2>Student body</h2><br>
<p>the school had 694 students. These students used over 25 different languages.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the school had about 1,200 students. In the 2009-2010 school year the school had 673 students, with 40% being African-American and 38% being Asian.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Herold of the Philadelphia Public School Notebook stated that Furness was largely free of racial tensions.</p><br>
<h2>Academic performance</h2><br>
<p>In regards to Pennsylvanias state achievement tests, of 11th graders at Furness, the percentages of students meeting the standard or higher were 43% in reading and 58% in mathematics. In terms of Philadelphias comprehensive schools these percentages were higher than the average.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>SEPTA routes 29, 57 and 79 serve Furness.</p><br>
<h2>School uniforms</h2><br>
<p>Furness requires its students to wear school uniforms. Students may wear a gray shirt that must have a collar on it with black pants.</p><br>
<h2>Feeder patterns</h2><br>
<p>K-8 schools feeding into Furness include:</p><br>
<p>Fanny Jackson Coppin School (formerly Andrew Jackson School)</p><br>
<p>Eliza Butler Kirkbride School</p><br>
<p>William M. Meredith School</p><br>
<p>George W. Nebinger School</p><br>
<p>George Sharswood School</p><br>
<p>John H. Taggart School</p><br>
<p>Vare-Washington School (formerly Abigail Vare School and George Washington School)</p><br>
<p>Previously George A. McCall School in Society Hill fed Furness High.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, also known as the 1741 Gemeinhaus and the Lewis David de Schweinitz Residence, is a historic house museum at 66 West Church Street in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Built in 1741 to house the early Moravian community as well as the community&#39;s place of worship, the Saal, it is the oldest surviving building in Bethlehem, the largest surviving log house in continuous use in the USA and also significant for its association with the botanist and mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The building is part of the Historic Moravian Bethlehem District which was designated as a National Historic Landmark District in 2012 and later named to the USA Tentative List in 2016 for nomination to the World Heritage List.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Moravian Gemeinhaus (meaning Community House) is located in the historic heart of Bethlehem, at the northeast corner of West Church Street and Heckewelder Place. It is a -story log structure, covered by a gable roof and sheathed in wooden clapboards. The front roof face is pierced by six small shed-roof dormers, and the facade is ten bays wide, divided into two five-bay sections each with a center entrance. Its oldest portion, built in 1741, is the oldest surviving structure in Bethlehem. The building reached its present shape by 1743.</p><br>
<p>The Gemeinhaus building complex includes some of the oldest buildings in Bethlehem such as: the 1746 Bell House, 1751 Old Chapel, and 1744-1772 Single Sisters’ House. The house was originally built by the Moravian settlers who founded Bethlehem as a home for its entire community (numbering 80 individuals) and later for the married clergy and officers. It served as the location within which they conducted their education, medicine, worship, and home mission work, and served in this role for many years.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, the Gemeinhaus was the location of communal dining and cooking. The Sisters prepared daily meals in the lower level for the community, soon numbering over 100 people, until a separate kitchen was built within the Bell House. The second floor of the building contained the Saal, the largest room in the building and the earliest place of worship in Bethlehem. It was here that the first funeral occurred for a man named Johannes Mueller (first person to be buried in God&#39;s Acre Cemetery) on June 27, 1742. The first wedding in Bethlehem (Johann Zander and Johanna Magdalena Mueller) took place on July 8, 1742, as well as the historic “Great Wedding” where 28 couples were married in the same service by 7 clergy on July 15, 1749. By late 1749 the community had grown too large (over 200 people) and a bigger space was needed. They built their second place of worship in 1751, now called the Old Chapel, as an addition to the Gemeinhaus.</p><br>
<p>Residency within the Gemeinhaus changed over the years as the population of the community grew. As other buildings were constructed, residents moved into the new choir houses including the Single Brethrens’ House, the Single Sisters’ House, the Bell House, the Widow&#39;s House, and later small homes for individual families. By 1761 there were 650 people in the community, and by 1843 there were 865. By 1796 the Gemeinhaus was home to the clergy and their families only and was commonly referred to as “the Clergy House.” By the mid-nineteenth century further homes had been built and the Gemeinhaus was no longer needed as a “Clergy House.” By 1869 only one clergyman remained: the Rev. Peter Ricksecker, a missionary to the West Indies.</p><br>
<p>Thereafter rooms within the building were rented out by the Trustees of the Moravian Congregation of Bethlehem and it was listed as apartments in the 1920 city directory. In 1923 a circle of the Union of Kings Daughters and Sons, an ecumenical organization, established a Kings Daughters Home in the Gemeinhaus for the care of elderly women. This lasted until 1964 when the King&#39;s Daughters Home moved to a more suitable building. The Gemeinhaus opened as a museum on April 30, 1966.</p><br>
<p>Music was an important part of worship for the Moravians. The first keyboard instrument, a Knolten spinet, arrived for the Saal from England on January 25, 1744. A pipe organ was later installed in June 1746. They memorized hundreds of hymns and sang them by heart, sometimes in the form of polyglot singing, often in their own native or known languages. At one point in time there were as many as 13 different languages spoken within the community and sung within the Gemeinhaus Saal. Other musical instruments accompanied the singing including horns, brass, and stringed instruments, some of which are on display there today.</p><br>
<p>The Gemeinhaus was the location of the first medical office in Bethlehem established by Dr. John Adolph Meyer in 1742, whose practice is believed to be the forerunner of the earliest hospital concept in America. Based out of a small room in the Gemeinhaus (a space that is now a restroom) Meyer along with eight male and seven female nurses provided care for the community with innovative medical practices that were well ahead of their time. Meyer later opened Bethlehem&#39;s first apothecary in 1743 within the building, which later moved into the Bell House until a laboratory was constructed along present-day Main Street in 1752. The 1752 Apothecary, part of the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, was the oldest pharmacy in continuous operation in the United States up until its closing in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The first classes in the nation to educate girls in a broad curriculum similar to what boys were taught were instituted in 1742 by Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf. Her classes were held in the Gemeinhaus and even predated the first classes for boys in Bethlehem by a month. The classes for girls were later moved to the Bell House in 1749.</p><br>
<p>It was here that Lewis David de Schweinitz was born in 1780; his father was a Moravian clergyman, and he also became an official in the church. It was his childhood home until the age of seven, when he was sent away to school at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, and was again his home from 1822 until is death in 1834. While at Nazareth, de Schweinitz cultivated an interest in botany and mycology, interests that he followed when his church duties permitted. He wrote a number of important early papers, including the 1831 "Synopsis of North American Fungi", that were groundbreaking in their depth and organization. At his death he was considered the nation&#39;s leading mycologist.</p><br>
<p>Today the building houses the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem and contains historic artifacts, artwork, furnishings, clothing, instruments, books, tools, and manuscripts that tell the story of Bethlehem&#39;s founders. Visitors can learn about early Moravian communal living, missionary work, and their progressive educational system and medicinal practices on guided tours. Among the notable collections one can find original Gustav Grunewald paintings, historic maps and prints of early Bethlehem, the Till Piano, and examples of silver, tin, red and yellow-ware pottery, and clocks made by the early Moravian artisans.</p><br>
<p>Some other unique items within the museum collection can be found in the Fire Engine Annex. Sitting on display are the two earliest fire engines of Bethlehem: the Perseverance (purchased in 1763) and the Diligence (purchased in 1792). Also on display are historic fire-fighting tools such as fire buckets and helmets, as well as a section of wooden pipe from the original pumped water system of the 1762 Waterworks.</p><br>
<p>The 1741 Gemeinhaus is presently under the care of the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem which is part of Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The Gruber Wagon Works is a historic industrial facility on Red Bridge Road in Bern Township, Pennsylvania, United States. Built about 1882, it is an extremely rare example of a fully outfitted 19th-century wagon manufacturing facility. Originally located in nearby Pleasant Valley, it was moved in 1976 to its present location in Tulpehocken Creek Park to make way for a flood control project. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It now serves as part of a county open-air museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gruber Wagon Works is located northwest of Reading, Pennsylvania, overlooking Tulpehocken Creek at the end of Red Bridge Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure in a cruciform plan, with gabled roofs and a rubblestone foundation. The interior is divided into a number of functional areas: a wood shop, a blacksmithy, a bench shop, and a paint shop. Surviving devices and equipment include specialized equipment for the manufacture of axle hubs and spoked wheels, a variety of saws, sanders, and other woodworking equipment. Most of these are belt-driven by a gasoline-powered motor. Movement of materials between the floors is accommodated by a hand-operated elevator installed by the Grubers in 1905-06, as part of a building expansion. Outside the main building are two small outbuildings: one serving as an outhouse, the other for the storage of iron.</p><br>
<p>Franklin H. Gruber, who had been making farm-use wagons since the 1870s, constructed the wagon works in 1882. The business continued operating under the family&#39;s ownership, making standard and customized wagons until the 1950s, after which the business was limited to repairs. It closed in 1971. At that time it included all of its equipment and machinery, making it "nothing less than a three-dimensional document of one particular American industry, fixed within a particular, narrow time frame", according to a curator for the Smithsonian National Museum of History and Technology, that is unrivaled in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, the buildings original site on Licking Creek in Pleasant Valley fell within the planned area of Blue Marsh Lake, so it was bought by the Army Corps of Engineers and during the winter of 1976–1977 they relocated it 5 mi east to its present location. The building is now part of the Berks County Heritage Center, an open air complex that also includes the C. Howard Hiester Canal Center with exhibits about canal transportation, Wertzs Covered Bridge, Melcher&#39;s Grist Mill, Deppen Cemetery, several memorials and gardens. The Center is open seasonally and offers tours of the historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal</p><br>
<p>church located at 204 State Road 26, in the Alachua County portion of Melrose, Florida in the United States. It is a contributing property in the Melrose Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the church began in 1881 when the first Episcopal service was held in Melrose. In April 1886 Trinity was organized as a mission by Bishop John Freeman Young of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida. Between 1885 and 1886 the 20 x 40 foot church was constructed by E. L. Judd, a local carpenter, who followed a design based on the work of architect Richard Upjohn. Bishop Young had known Upjohn when he was assistant rector of Trinity Church, New York and was a proponent of using Carpenter Gothic in church construction. Except for its glass windows and brick foundation piers and chimney, the building was built entirely of local pine. The siding is board and batten with both inside and outside battens. The chimney was removed 1887 in order to install a pipe organ and to provide room for a sanctuary and a sacristy.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church has functioned continually as a place of worship since its founding. It was a Mission Church in the Diocese of Florida until January 31, 2010, when it was received by The Diocesan Convention as a Parish Church. The Church called its first full-time priest in the spring of 2008, and the Reverend Dr. Jeffrey A. Mackey began as Vicar on July 1, 2008. Upon receiving Parish status, the Bishop of Florida, the Rt. Rev. Samuel Johnson Howard, named Father Mackey as Rector of the Parish.</p><br>
<p>The Caldwell County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Lockhart, Texas, United States. The courthouse was built in 1894 to replace the existing courthouse, which was too small for the growing county. The courthouse was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1976 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property of the Caldwell County Courthouse Historic District on January 3, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in the Second Empire architectural style, with the design often attributed to Alfred Giles; however, recent research indicates the building was designed by Henry E.M. Guidon, who eventually became partners with Giles. The courthouse is nearly identical to the courthouse in Goliad County, Texas, as it was built from the same Guidon plans.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the three-story courthouse is built with cream-colored limestone and red sandstone. The central clock tower houses a four-faced Seth Thomas Clock Company clock and a 900-pound bell. The mansard roof of the courthouse is characteristic of Second Empire design.</p><br>
<p>The exterior has been featured in the films What&#39;s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) and Waiting for Guffman (1996).</p><br>
<p>The Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway, also known as the Mauch Chunk and Summit Railroad and occasionally shortened to Mauch Chunk Railway, was a coal-hauling railroad in the mountains of Pennsylvania that was built in 1827 and operated until 1932. It was the second gravity railway constructed in the United States, which was used by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company to transport coal from Summit Hill downhill to the Lehigh canal.</p><br>
<p>The railway operated on gauge track, and it was not utilized as a common carrier that linked with other railroads. The rail line was laid on top of the company&#39;s earlier 9 mi-constant-descent-graded wagon road. The railway operated for more than half a century as a tourist attraction after it ceased day-to-day operations as a freight railroad in 1872. The onset of the Great Depression resulted in its eventual closure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway was the second permanent railroad constructed in the United States and the first over five miles long.</p><br>
<h3>Early days: 1827-1845</h3><br>
<p>Like its rival the B&O Railroad, the Mauch Chunk at first used animal power. Mules hauled the empty coal tubs to the summit and were sent down in the last batch of cars; the return trip required 4–5 hours. The road would send down groups of 6–8 coal cars under control of a brakeman, and once 40–42 cars were down, send down the special "mule cars" with the draft animals, thus having just enough animals to return all cars back to the top.</p><br>
<p>The railway used gravity and two inclines. A powered double-incline led up to the top of two separate summits along Pisgah Ridge on the return leg and each summit had "a new down track" returning the cars several miles farther west in each case. This saw-tooth elevation profile gave the new return track a swooping characteristic ride later deliberately designed into roller coasters. About the same time, when other mine heads were opened in lower elevations of the Panther Creek Valley LC&N added several descending switchback sections and other shorter cable railway climbing inclines to bring the coal up from the new Lansford and Coaldale mines to the Summit Hill loading area for the gravity railway trip down to Mauch Chunk, thence to the Lehigh Canal (and in 1855, by rail transport) and their customers. The railroad became an early American tourist attraction and is considered the world&#39;s first roller coaster, a role it would keep and satisfy with tourists for over five decades after it was abandoned as a primary freight railroad.</p><br>
<h3>1846-1871</h3><br>
<p>By 1845 the increasing demand for coal and the poor logistics of a single-track route meant the company needed to improve its railroad. In 1846, they built a new uphill line using two steam-powered, Josiah White engineered 120 hp funicular systems to replace move cars uphill. These inclines used two telescoping wheeled Barney pusher cars attached to the cables by steel tow-bands running between two large diameter winch wheels located in the Barney tunnels. When a car was ready to ascend, it was drifted down the slight incline from above and behind the Barney tunnel to wait at a latch. The barneys came up and coupled behind to push the cars uphill. One of the inclines rose 664 ft up Mount Pisgah, and the other crossed Mount Jefferson. The downhill trip continued to be powered by gravity. The up track was equipped with a ratchet which would prevent a car that detached from the cable from running away down hill. This invention later evolved into the anti-rollback device used on roller coasters. The railroad changed its name to the Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill and Switchback Railroad. The modernization of the railroad reduced a passenger round-trip from 4.5 hours to just 80 minutes.</p><br>
<h3>1872-closure</h3><br>
<p>In 1872, the Panther Creek Railroad opened as a replacement for the switchback line. The Lehigh Coal and Railroad is considered the first American company to use vertical integration, providing raw materials, shipping, processing and final goods.</p><br>
<p>Some famous personalities who visited the railroad include Prince Maximilian of Wied, President Ulysses S. Grant, William Astor, son of John Jacob Astor, and Thomas Edison.</p><br>
<p>The Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) purchased it in 1874 and leased it to brothers Theodore and H. L. Mumford who operated the line as a tourist attraction. On May 24, 1929, the CNJ sold the line to the new Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway Company, which operated until 1932, when the line fell victim to the Great Depression. The mortgage on the property foreclosed and it was sold to scrapper Isaac Weiner for $18,000 (equal to $ today).</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>In 1976, a 47 acre section of the former right-of-way, from Ludlow St. in Summit Hill to F.A.P. 209 in Jim Thorpe, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as "Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Switchback Railroad". The listed area included four contributing sites.</p><br>
<p>The right-of-way is now the Switchback Railroad Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Milton S. Hershey Mansion, also known as High Point, is a historic house at 100 Mansion Road East in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built in 1908, it was the home of Hershey Chocolate founder Milton S. Hershey  from 1908 until his death. Hershey is credited with introducing the mass production of chocolate to be sold at low prices and operated what became the world&#39;s largest chocolate maker. His house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It presently houses the offices of the Hershey Trust Company, a multibillion-dollar trust fund which owns a controlling share of Hershey Foods Corporation and runs the Milton Hershey School.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Milton S. Hershey Mansion is located amid the grounds of the Hershey Country Club, at the junction of East Mansion and West Mansion Roads. It is set on a rise of land which provides views to the original Hershey factory to the west. It is a -story structure, built (like the factory) out of locally quarried limestone, and is Colonial Revival in style. It is covered by a truncated hip roof and has four limestone chimneys. The main facade is five bays wide, with a two-story flat-roofed portico supported by Ionic columns extending across the central three bays. Single-story porches extend to both sides, the one on the left continuing as a porte-cochere to join to a small outbuilding, and the one on the right extending to a polygonal gazebo-like structure.</p><br>
<p>Milton Hershey first began manufacturing chocolate in a Lancaster plant in which he principally made caramel, following the then-common methods of chocolatiers in making the product into a variety of shapes and styles. In 1901, he decided to embark on a strategy of mass production, with a limited number of products that could be sold inexpensively to a larger customer base. As his production base, he developed the town of Hershey into a company town, building the factory and other facilities. After the factory was completed, he had this house built, to a design by architect Henry Herr, who had also designed many of the town&#39;s early buildings.</p><br>
<p>When the Hershey Country Club was founded in 1930, Hershey donated the house to the club as a headquarters, reserving an apartment for himself on the premises, and it remained his principal residence until his death in 1945. The house was acquired in 1970 by the Milton Hershey School, which was used as an educational environment to teach early 20th-century building practices. In 1977 it was purchased by Hershey Foods for use as its corporate headquarters. It presently serves as the offices of the Hershey Trust Company.</p><br>
<p>The Harmony Historic District encompasses the first early 19th century settlement of the Harmony Society, in what is now Harmony, Butler County, Pennsylvania, USA. It covers an area two blocks wide, extending north from German Road to Conoquenessing Creek between Liberty and Wood Streets. The area retains a number of buildings dating to the original settlement period, and was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harmony Society was founded in what is now Germany in 1785 by Johann Georg Rapp. Meeting with opposition from the dominant Lutheran Church, Rapp and his followers emigrated to North America, and purchased the land in Butler County where the community of 200 families founded Harmony in 1805. The utopian community was run as a communist theocracy, with Rapp and later his son as its leading figure. The Harmonist community was successful, growing to about 700 by 1814, when Rapp&#39;s son Frederick established a new settlement in the Indiana Territory, now New Harmony, Indiana. They eventually moved back to Pennsylvania, settling Economy in 1825, and died out as an organization in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the early Harmonist settlement include a grid of streets in the heart of the modern town of Harmony, and a number of primarily brick buildings in that area. The district includes ten contributing buildings and one contributing site. Principal among these are the George Rapp House, Great House or Bentle Building (c. 1811), Langenbacher House (c. 1805), Harmonist Church (1808), The "Stohr," Beam Hotel, Frederick Rapp House, Schmitt House, Jacob Neff House (c.1807), Schreiber House, Wagner House, and Mueller House. The original Harmonist Cemetery contains the unmarked graves of 100 early Harmonists.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Cameron House, also known as John Harris Mansion and the Harris–Cameron Mansion, is a historic house museum at 219 South Front Street in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Built in 1766 and frequently extended and altered, it is one of Harrisburg&#39;s oldest buildings, and is nationally notable as the summer residence of Simon Cameron , an influential Republican Party politician during and after the American Civil War. The house and family items were donated to the Historical Society of Dauphin County in 1941, which now operates it as a museum. The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and is located in the Harrisburg Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Simon Cameron House stands south of the central business district of Harrisburg, overlooking the Susquehanna River from the north side of South Front Street between Washington and Mary Streets. Its main block is a -story stone structure, with a side gable roof. It is built out of mortared limestone, and is fronted by a single-story porch with fluted columns and arched Victorian valances. The main facade is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-left bay, topped by a tall transom window. Three gabled dormers pierce the front roof face. A long two-story ell extends the main block to the rear, giving the house an overall off-center T shape.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1766 by John Harris Jr., son of one of the first settlers of the region, and for whose father Harrisburg is named. The house remained in the Harris family until 1835. In 1853 it was adapted for use as the Pennsylvania Female College, which was forced into bankruptcy in 1861, due to turmoil caused by the American Civil War. It was then purchased by Simon Cameron, who had been on the colleges board of directors. Cameron had recently resigned as United States Secretary of War, over a scandal involving fraudulent supply contracts. Cameron had entered politics in 1829, and the taint of corruption had followed him through many of his offices. He won election to the United States Senate in 1867, which helped consolidate his control over federal patronage money in Pennsylvania. In this role he was successful in purging reform-oriented Radical Republican elements from the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and became an influential member of Grants "kitchen cabinet." Cameron was responsible for transforming the existing house to give its present Victorian character. Cameron&#39;s heirs donated the house to the Historical Society of Dauphin County in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Honey Hollow Watershed is a 650 acre watershed on the south side of the Delaware River a few miles north of New Hope, Pennsylvania. It is the site of the first privately owned soil conservation district in the United States. Created by five landowners in 1933, it was successful in mitigating the effects of erosion caused by the introduction of modern agricultural methods in the early 20th century. The area was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>The project</h2><br>
<p>The Honey Hollow Watershed is located in Solebury Township, in a rural area west of the town of New Hope. It is bounded on the northeast by Sugan Road, and is roughly bisected by Creamery Road, with its western and southern bounds defined by the ridgeline that separates Honey Hollow from an adjacent watershed. To the northwest it is also bounded by a ridge that runs parallel to and northwest of Upper York Road. The area historically consisted of five farms totaling about 650 acres. The landscape of the farmland in this area retains features established in the 1930s, including contour-plowed fields, terracing, and water runoff diversion ditches.</p><br>
<p>The watershed area has a long history of agricultural use, dating to the mid-18th century. Mechanized methods of cultivation and field management were widely introduced in the years after World War I, here and elsewhere in the country, which resulted in a significant amount of soil loss due to erosion, and siltation of water bodies downstream. Although the federal government was aware of the problem in the late 1920s, and began applying conservation methods to government-owned lands in 1933, the legality of imposing such methods on the (in aggregate) much larger private landholdings in the nation was still a subject of debate. The five farmers who owned the properties in Honey Hollow, whose lands were suffering from these problems, decided to band together to address what was a shared problem.</p><br>
<p>Established with the help of the Soil Conservation Service in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, the project became a model of cooperative conservation efforts. By 1941 terraces and diversion ditches were built to control runoff on steep slopes and hedges were planted to control erosion. The project attracted national attention when Vice President Henry Wallace visited the first time in 1944. Conservationist Louis Bromfield also became associated with the project. P. Alston Waring, one of six farmers involved in the project, wrote about the project in the United States Department of Agriculture publication "Team Work to Save Soil and Increase Production."</p><br>
<p>and in the magazine "The Land."</p><br>
<p>The watershed was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Humphry Marshall House, also historically known as Marshalls Garden, Marshalls Arboretum, and the Botany Farm, is a historic property in Marshallton, an unincorporated village in West Bradford Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Built in 1773–74, the house is a good example of an 18th-century Pennsylvania country house, which is most notable as the home of early American botanist Humphry Marshall . The property was also where Marshall established one of the first botanical gardens in what is now the United States. The house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey  in July 1958. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1971, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 23, 1987. The property is now privately owned; the gardens have declined since Marshall&#39;s time, but its basic layout has survived.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Humphry Marshall House stands on about 2.5 acre on the west side of Marshalltown, on the north side of Strasburg Road at its junction with Clayton Road. The house is set well back from the road, from which it is screened by mature plantings of the garden space. The house is stories in height, and is built out of locally quarried limestone that has an ashlar finish. It is nominally five bays wide, but the bays on the ground floor are irregularly spaced, and not all of the bays on the second floor have windows. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the front facade. There are two entrances, one a standard entry, the other a shorter doorway providing access to what was probably once a conservatory.</p><br>
<p>Humphry Marshall was born nearby, and was well educated in a Quaker family. He at first established a garden at the family homestead, encouraged in his botanical interests by his cousin John Bartram, who is generally credited as being the first British colonial botanist in the Thirteen Colonies. Marshall&#39;s first book was A Few Observations Concerning Christ, Or the Eternal Word in 1755. Marshall is best known for his 1788 publication Arbustrum Americanum, which was the first formal scientific description of trees and shrubs of North America. Also skilled as a mason, Marshall may have built this house himself, to specifications that furthered his management and collection of botanical specimens. One notable interior feature is a wooden cabinet built into a space in the masonry walls that appears to be intended as a specimen cabinet.</p><br>
<p>Cumberland City Hall is a historic city hall in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland, United States. It was built between 1911 and 1912 and replaced the Cumberland, Maryland City Hall & Academy of Music. It is a 7-by-7-bay, two-story, stone-faced, neo-classical structure. It features an irregular corner, into which the architect has recessed a curving bay; the upper window in this curving bay has been filled with glass block. A mural by artist Gertrude du Brau on the interior of the rotunda dome depicts the early history of the city, including representations of General Edward Braddock and of George Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew McNally House in Altadena, California was the home of Andrew McNally , co-founder and president of the Rand McNally publishing company. The Queen Anne Style house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It remains a private house.</p><br>
<p>McNally was an Irish immigrant who worked as a printer. When he came to the United States, he first worked for the Chicago Tribune when he met William Rand. Together they formed the company that bears their names. In 1880, McNally took his fortune and family and moved west They lived for a time in Pasadena, California before building their mansion in Altadena in 1887. The mansion is located on East Mariposa Street at Santa Rosa Avenue. McNally was a booster of the life in Altadena, and he convinced his friends to move here as well. They also built mansions along Mariposa, which soon began to be known locally as "Millionaire&#39;s Row".</p><br>
<p>McNally paid Pasadena architect Frederick Roehrig $15,000 to design the Victorian house. Facing south, away from the street, the house offered vistas of the Los Angeles Basin, the Pacific Ocean, and Santa Catalina Island. The house has a three-story rotunda that allows a view to the San Gabriel Mountains to the north. McNally also built a private rail spur from Altadena Junction to his property to store his private railroad car. The grounds were lavishly landscaped, with an aviary along Mariposa St. His gardener also looked after the deodar cedars that grew along Santa Rosa Avenue. These trees became Christmas Tree Lane, which is also listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, McNally caught pneumonia while en route to his Windemere Ranch in La Mirada, California. (The ranch headquarters is also listed in the National Register.) He died shortly afterward. The gardens and aviary were neglected, some of the birds escaped. The property was then subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The Dupuy family bought the house in 1955 and restored it. The Dupuy family sold the house in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The F. Julius LeMoyne House is a historic house museum at 49 East Maiden Street in Washington, Pennsylvania. Built in 1812, it was the home of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne , an antislavery activist who used it as a stop on the Underground Railroad. LeMoyne also assisted in the education of freed slaves after the American Civil War, founding the historically black LeMoyne–Owen College in Memphis, Tennessee. His house, now operated as a museum by the local historical society, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The LeMoyne House is located near the center of Washington, on the north side of East Maiden Street (United States Route 40) east of Shaefer Avenue. It is a three-story stone house built in the Greek Revival style. The front features two doorways, to allow for private and professional uses, and two entrance porticoes, one with columns and the other with pilasters. Long, narrow attic windows were added at a later date.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1812 by Dr. John LeMoyne, a French immigrant. His son, Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne, lived here for most of his life, and also practiced medicine. In 1834, LeMoyne became active in the abolitionist movement, speaking and organizing on behalf of political solutions to the problem of slavery. Although he was not a radical firebrand in the mold of William Lloyd Garrison, LeMoyne was a regional director of antislavery societies until about 1850. He is well documented to have sheltered fugitive slaves here (and assisted them in other ways) in the years prior to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850, activities that likely continued but are much less well documented afterward. LeMoyne&#39;s socially progressive politics included support for establishment of the local library, the endowment of two professorships at Washington & Jefferson College, and the establishment of LeMoyne College (now LeMoyne–Owen College) in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>LeMoynes house was given to the Washington Historical Society in the 1930s by his daughter. It undertook to restore the building to a state similar to that during LeMoynes lifetime, and now operates it as a historic house museum, offering guided tours year round. The house contains period artifacts and is dedicated to the memory of Dr. LeMoyne. In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the house. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Lukens Historic District encompasses four properties in Coatesville, Pennsylvania associated with the 19th and early 20th-century history of the Lukens Steel Company and the family of Rebecca Lukens . Lukens was the first woman to head a major industrial firm in the United States, and played a leading role in the development of the American steel industry. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The company that became Lukens Steel was established as an iron foundry north of Coatesville by Isaac Pennock, the father of Rebecca Lukens. Rebecca Webb Pennock received a fairly traditional education for women of the early 19th century, and married Dr. Charles Lukens in 1813. Her husband assisted her father in running the business, but both died about a year apart in 1824 and 1825, leaving Rebecca in charge of the business. Although she was engaged in litigation over her ability to fully own the business (a rarity for women of the period), she succeeded, eventually retiring from the business in 1850 and leaving it in the hands of her children. In the records she left behind is evidence of her full knowledge of the operations and finances of the business, and her involvement in its management process, even when men were sometimes the principal actors.</p><br>
<p>The legacy of Rebecca Lukens is represented in Coatesville by four properties, located on South First Street south of Lincoln Highway. Brandywine, the family homestead where she was raised and lived throughout her life, is at its core a Georgian colonial stone building, which was enlarged both by the family, and by later commercial uses of the Lukens Steel Company. Terracina is a fine example of a Carpenter Gothic country house in the style promoted by Andrew Jackson Downing; it was built by Rebecca Lukens as a gift for her son on the occasion of his marriage. Graystone was built in 1899 by Abram Huston, Lukens&#39; grandson; it is a high-quality example of Tudor Revival design, and until recently housed the offices of the borough of Coatesville. Finally, the Lukens Main Office Building, located across the street from the three houses, is a prominent local example of Georgian Colonial Revival architecture; both it and Graystone were designed by the architectural firm of Cope & Stewardson.</p><br>
<p>Brandywine Mansion from East.JPGBrandywine Manor</p><br>
<p>Graystone Lukens HD.JPGGraystone</p><br>
<p>Lukens Exec Offices.JPGLukens Main Office Building</p><br>
<p>Lukens 10 engine.JPGThe Lukens #10 steam locomotive located near the Main Office Building</p><br>
<p>Portage Park is a 36 acre park in the Portage Park community area of Chicago, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places. The park stretches from Irving Park Road on the south to Berteau Avenue between Central and Long Avenues. The largest public park on Chicago&#39;s Northwest Side, it has many recreational facilities including six tennis courts, two playgrounds, a slab for in-line skating, a bike path, a nature walk, five baseball fields, two combination football/soccer fields and two fieldhouses— one housing a gymnasium and the other a cultural arts building. The park also has an Olympic-size pool featuring a large deck for sunning, misting sprays, as well as an interactive water play area with slide and diving boards in addition to a smaller heated pool. Plans are currently underway for the development of a new, 6,500 ft&sup2; senior center at Portage Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Portage Park was not only the site that gave the area its name, it created the neighborhood by bringing together what had been several distinct communities that were populated by a slew of diverse ethnicities. The park came into being in 1913 when area residents formed an independent park board called the Old Portage Park District. The name of the new park district is a reference to the route that ran along what is today Irving Park Road that had once been used by Native Americans and fur traders to portage their canoes between the Des Plaines and Chicago Rivers.</p><br>
<p>The original plan for Portage Park was drawn up by American Park Builders Company who were also responsible for the initial construction that took place between 1913 and 1917. The park design included a naturalistic swimming lagoon, which opened to the public in July, 1916. A fieldhouse and gymnasium were added in the 1920s, designed by Clarence Hatzfeld, whose architectural firm of Hatzfeld and Knox would later design many of the Prairie and Craftsman-style bungalows in the nearby Villa District by historic St Wenceslaus Church. Portage Park quickly became the center of the community, providing athletics and team sports, cultural and club activities, festivities and special events for residents of Chicago&#39;s Northwest Side.</p><br>
<p>The park in Portage Park originally had a dirt bottom pond that blended into a cement bottom pool. The hill to the east of the pool that exists now, was the dirt that was removed when the pool was first created when the park was first established. The pond portion of the pool extended to the western edge of this hill.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the city&#39;s 22 independent park commissions were consolidated into the Chicago Park District, and the new agency soon secured federal funds through the Works Progress Administration. WPA improvements at Portage Park included additional plantings, stonework fountains and gateways, and a comfort station. WPA workers also removed the original swimming lagoon and constructed a kidney-shaped concrete pool. The WPA was very involved in the creation of the long gone Rock House at the south end of Portage Park. This Rock House had another small pond area that had goldfish and flower basins, with the water in it kept at a substantial depth to support the fish over winter. This goldfish pond was later filled as a result of the polio epidemic in the 1940s, although the flower planters to the north and east of the main entrance off Central at Irving Park Road will give an idea of just what this Rock House looked like. There were seats throughout the half circle structure of flagstone. Except for the overhead wooden canopy, every where you looked there was white flagstone - walls, seats, floor, support pillars. The Chicago Park District has WPA photos of the structure. The park predates all of the buildings that surround it.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, the park district replaced the concrete pool with an Olympic-sized pool in preparation for hosting the Pan American Games. In 1972, Portage Park hosted the USA Olympic swimming trials, where gold medalist Mark Spitz set new world&#39;s records. In 1998, the swimming pools and plaza area were rehabilitated while an interactive water play area was created for children.</p><br>
<p>The Merion Friends Meeting House is an active and historic Quaker meeting house at 615 Montgomery Avenue in Merion Station, Pennsylvania. Completed about 1715, it is the second oldest Friends meeting house in the United States , with distinctively Welsh architectural features that distinguish it from later meeting houses. It is home to the Merion monthly meeting. The meeting house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Merion Friends Meeting House is located in the village of Merion Station, a neighborhood in Lower Merion Township, on the north side of Montgomery Avenue and Haverford Avenue. It is a 1-1/2-story structure, built out of locally quarried stone covered in plaster. It is laid out in a T shape, and is covered by a cross-gabled roof. Its main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled porch. The flanking windows, as well as that in the gable above are topped by segmented-arch lintels. The front gable and both side gables have pent roof sections. The principal rafters supporting the roof are bent, a unique adaptation of a medieval Welsh construction technique to the building. The property also includes a burial ground, estimated to have more than 2,000 burials (many of which are unmarked in accordance with early Quaker custom).</p><br>
<p>The meeting was founded by the first known group of Welsh settlers in the Americas, who arrived in 1682. Construction of the meeting house was begun in about 1695, and was completed around 1715. The building does not follow what are now considered standard norms for Quaker meeting houses. Prior to the English Toleration Act 1688, which allowed Quakers to worship openly and freely in England and its colonies, Quakers traditionally met either in the open, or in houses or barns, and had no settled architecture to satisfy the organizational needs of their congregations, which call for sex-segregated business meetings. The Welsh-infused architecture of this building stands as a memorial to the early experimental period of meeting house design. William Penn preached in the meeting house.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew S. Quay House is a historic house at 205 College Avenue in Beaver, Pennsylvania. Built sometime after the American Civil War, it was from 1874 until his death the home of Matthew Stanley Quay , a United States senator and one of the most influential political party bosses of the late 19th century. His house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. It was the location of the J.T. Anderson Funeral Home. However, now it is home to Covenant Financial Advisors.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Matthew S. Quay House is south of Beaver&#39;s downtown, at the northwest corner of College Avenue and 2nd Street. It is a -story masonry structure, built of painted brick and covered by a hip roof. A single-story porch extends across the front facade, supported by brick columns. Both the porch and main roof have eaves with carved wooden brackets. The roof on each side is pierced by hip-roofed dormers. There is a small ell projecting to the north (right), and a longer one to the rear, the latter a probable alteration by Matthew Stanley Quay.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built not long after the American Civil War, and was purchased by Quay in 1874. It would remain his primary residence until his death in 1904. Quay was trained as a lawyer and served in the Union Army during the war, winning a Medal of Honor for action in the Battle of Fredericksburg. He first became involved in politics in the 1850s, becoming a potent leader of the Republican Party in western Pennsylvania. He joined with the political machine of Simon Cameron, and eventually gained full control of the state party apparatus, which won him election to the USA Senate in 1887. In 1888 he chaired the presidential campaign of Benjamin Harrison, the most expensive presidential campaign up to then. Quay was open about patronage politics, which Harrison snubbed after winning the office. Quay worked against Harrison&#39;s renomination in 1892, with Harrison losing the general election to Grover Cleveland. Quay was reported to resort to bribery and dirty tricks in his activities, particularly in the 1888 race.</p><br>
<p>The George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of Founding Father George Taylor, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The home was built by Taylor in 1768 and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Borough of Catasauqua purchased the house from the Lehigh County Historical Society in 2009 and today sponsors events and offers tours of the property at the borough&#39;s southwestern corner near the historic Lehigh River Canal.</p><br>
<h2>House&#39;s first owners</h2><br>
<p>The George Taylor Houses first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nations founding.</p><br>
<h3>George Taylor, 1768–1776</h3><br>
<p>George Taylor was born in Northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736. Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.</p><br>
<p>In 1767, Taylor purchased a 331 acre estate in Biery&#39;s Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him. Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died.</p><br>
<p>Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764 to 1769.</p><br>
<p>Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Bierys Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia. The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvanias new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780. Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.</p><br>
<h3>John Benezet, 1776–1782</h3><br>
<p>John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant. Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor&#39;s estate for £1,800.</p><br>
<p>Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly. In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended. In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia&#39;s Committee of Correspondence.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office. However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests. Benezet died in the winter of 1780–81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.</p><br>
<h3>David Deshler, 1782–1796</h3><br>
<p>In 1782, Benezets widow sold the Bierys Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before.</p><br>
<p>When David Deshler purchased Taylors former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built the town’s first house in 1762, the year of its founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Towns first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region&#39;s wealthiest men.</p><br>
<p>In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the countys Committee of Observation, and two years later, was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshlers properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and also to manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army. In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four "sub-lieutenants" in charge of the county&#39;s military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.</p><br>
<p>The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County. In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at his Biery&#39;s Port estate, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.</p><br>
<h2>1800s and 1900s</h2><br>
<p>During the 1800s, George Taylor&#39;s former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890. Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark. After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating "We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events."</p><br>
<p>On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.</p><br>
<p>Old West was the first building to be erected on the campus of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803, completed in 1822, and is a fine example of Federal period architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its architecture and its association with Latrobe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of Old West, known then as New College, was authorized and began in 1798. The effort was in response to the complaints that students could not live at the College. On June 20, 1799, the first cornerstone was laid by John Keen of Carpenters Co., Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>During construction in 1803, however, the brick portion of West College burnt down. In an attempt to rebuild a building that would be compatible with that of Princeton University, Judge Brackenridge went to Philadelphia to consult Benjamin Latrobe, who had remodeled Princeton&#39;s Nassau Hall and had completed extensive design work on the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Latrobe was a willing contributor to the new design of West College. In a letter dated May 18, 1803, a copy of which may be seen in the Dickinson archives, Benjamin Henry Latrobe replies to Judge Brackenridge&#39;s request for drawings in great detail. Latrobe addresses the aspect of weather in Carlisle because of the extreme temperatures and amounts of moisture it acquires annually in the winter months. He explains that his design of the building allows for optimum light absorption through the windows and explains that the stone provides adequate shielding from the strong, crisp wind.</p><br>
<p>The attention to stone as a weather-proof material was to have a lasting effect.</p><br>
<p>Today, Old West houses the presidential and other administrative offices. Memorial Hall in particular is the home of various distinguished speakers, cultural symposiums, and mass every Sunday night.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The Searights Tollhouse of the National Road is a historic toll house on United States Route 40, the former route of the historic National Road, north of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Built in 1835, it is one of two surviving tollhouses  built by the state of Pennsylvania to collect tolls along the portion of the road that passed through that state. It has been restored by the state and is now maintained by the local historical society. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Surviving family members of William Searight relocated into Pittsburgh. As of 2023, blood descendants include Lindley Searight, Ralph Searight Jr, Brian Searight, Kevin Searight, Jacob Searight, and Jason Searight.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Searights Tollhouse is located about 5 mi northwest of Uniontown, and stands on the west side of US 40 north of its junction with Dearth Road. It is a brick building whose most prominent feature is a two-story octagonal tower about 20 ft tall, capped by an octagonal roof and small octagonal cap. A single-story porch extends around about three-quarters of the tower, and there are two single-story single-room wings extending to the north and west. The building was designed so that the tollkeeper had good views of the road in both directions, and was originally fitted with a swinging gate that would block the road.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the National Road that passes through Pennsylvania was built between 1811 and 1818, and was one of the first public works projects of the federal government. The road greatly improved travel times between the Cumberland, Maryland, and Wheeling, West Virginia, and the Pennsylvania stretch in particular benefited from economic development along its route. In 1835 the federal government turned control over the road to the state. In order to maintain the roadway, the state instituted tolls, building six tollhouses along its route. This one was built near the tavern of William Searight, the state commissioner in charge of the roadway. Tolls were collected on the road until the 1870s, after which the tollhouse was abandoned. It was restored by the state, and now stands as a historic marker along the road.</p><br>
<p>Summerseat, also known as the George Clymer House and Thomas Barclay House, is a historic house museum at Hillcrest and Legion Avenues in Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Built about 1765, it is the only house known to have been owned by two signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, Founding Fathers George Clymer and Robert Morris, and as a headquarters of General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. The house is now managed by the Morrisville Historical Society, which offers tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Summerseat is located west of the central business district of Morrisville, sharing a property with Patriot&#39;s Park at the junction of Hillcrest and Legion Avenues. It is a -story masonry structure, built out of a combination of brick and stone. Its front and sides are brick, while the rear wall is stone. The main facade faces east, and is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by pilasters and a fully pedimented gable. The interior follows a traditional center-hall plan, with four rooms on each floor. The interior retains some original features, despite having had non-residential uses.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1765 by Adam Hoops</p><br>
<p>The house was restored in 1931 and converted for use as a school administrative building in 1935. Summerseat is now owned and operated as a house museum by the Historic Morrisville Society. The house is open to the public for tours on the first Saturday of each month from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Admission is $7.00 per person, children under the age 12 are free.</p><br>
<p>The Stiegel-Coleman House, also known as Elizabeth Farms, is an historic mansion house which is located at 2121 Furnace Hills Pike , just north of Brickerville, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1757 and substantially enlarged in 1780, it was the home of two of colonial Pennsylvania&#39;s early iron and glass makers, William Stiegel and Robert Coleman. The furnace they operated, whose archaeological remains were rediscovered in 2004, was one of the most successful in the Thirteen Colonies, and provided war materials for Continental Army.</p><br>
<p>Their house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It has remained in the hands of Coleman descendants, mostly as a private residence. Related structures adjacent to the house and dating from the 1700s were renovated and repurposed for an event venue in 2020-21.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stiegel-Coleman House stands on 34 acre of mostly woodland, on the east side of Furnace Hills Pike just north of the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the village of Brickerville. The house is a multi-winged structure, built primarily out of local stone. The original core of the house is a two-story gabled structure, to which a northward-extending long wing was added, in which both residential and business operations related to the nearby iron furnace were conducted. A tall decorative cupola is mounted on the wing&#39;s roof ridge. The core structure was built about 1756–58 by William Stiegel. Attached at an offset on its south side is a two-story gabled structure whose exterior has been finished in plaster.</p><br>
<p>The property was first developed industrially in 1750 by John Jacob Huber, a German immigrant and ironmaster. Hubers daughter married William Stiegel, also a German immigrant, and it is Stiegel who built the oldest portion of the house now standing. In addition to making iron, Stiegel also established a glassworks here, which he later moved to Manheim. The property was later acquired by Irish immigrant Robert Coleman. Coleman arrived in North America in 1764, and rapidly rose to control several important ironworks in eastern Pennsylvania, including Hopewell Furnace, Speedwell Forge, and Cornwall Furnace. He apparently began to lease Stiegels furnace around the time of the American Revolutionary War, and eventually purchased it outright. His management of the ironworks benefited from providing cannons for the war effort, and he died as one of the nation&#39;s early millionaires.</p><br>
<p>The house was later occupied by Coleman&#39;s great-grandson and heir to the family forturne, Robert Habersham Coleman.</p><br>
